No abstract is provided for this article.
This multilevel study of spatial variability in, and determinants of, birthweight was conducted using individual and ecological data in a geographically defined prospective birth cohort for 1986 in northern Finland. The study area comprises three large areas defined by latitude: Northern Lapland (NL), Southern Lapland (SL) and Oulu province (OP), comprising 74 localities with a total study population of 9216 singleton births. The mean birthweight was 3482 g for NL, 3537 g for SL and 3587 g for OP (NL vs. OP and SL vs. OP: P < 0.05). The crude rate for stillbirths was highest in NL. The women in the northernmost area were socially less privileged and the localities less prosperous compared with those in the southernmost area. Significant spatial clustering of mean birthweights was found (P = 0.0016), with highest birthweight in the south-western part of the study area. A variable expressing the wealth of each locality, the financial capacity category (FCC), had its lowest mean value in NL, with a range of one to six for the localities studied here. A multilevel multiple regression model showed that, after allowing for sex, gestational age, mother's age, height and hypertensive disorders, parity, body mass index, previous low birthweight child and smoking as individual determinants of birthweight, part of the residual variation could be explained by the locality wealth parameter. Using the multilevel model, the differences in mean birthweight across the three latitude areas persisted but were reduced (difference OP vs. NL reduced from 105 g to 86.5 g). The relationship between birthweight and FCC was inverse U-shaped with the highest mean birthweight estimated for localities occurring in the middle of the range (FCC = 3). The wealthiest urban localities (FCC = 6) and the most deprived localities (FCC = 1) both had a predicted birthweight about 60 g below the maximum at FCC = 3, if all other factors were held constant. This result, taken together with the spatial clustering of birthweights, suggests that there may be important social and environmental determinants of birthweight that have yet to be identified.
: Theoretical studies have been done on crack tip stress and deformation fields based on continuum plasticity for single crystals. Asymptotic analysis has been carried out for ideally plastic single crystals for both stationary and moving cracks under anti-plane shear and mode I plane strain conditions. They show that in the near tip region the plastic flow is confined primarily to planes along which both the stresses and the displacements are discontinuous for stationary cracks, or the velocity is discontinuous for quasi- statically growing cracks. These planes may be parallel or perpendicular to the traces of the slip planes which are locally stressed to yield levels and provide the plastic straining. The inclusion of strain hardening, as studied so far based on power hardening with resultant HRR fields, removes these discontinuities in the case of the stationary crack, although small angular ranges of very rapid stress variation result instead when there is only moderate strain hardening. In the ideally plastic limit however, these HRR fields yield a continuous displacement field, while resulting in the correct stress discontinuities. Thus, it is conjectured that the domain of validity of the HRR field must shrink as the ideally plastic limit is approached. Furthermore, this domain is expected to be confined to only part of the plastic zone immediately adjacent to the crack tip. Studies are now underway to check these conjectures. Keywords: Crack mechanics, Abstracts, Mechanical properties, Shear strain, Elasticity, Fracture(Mechanics), Weight functions, Dislocations, Tensile cracks, Crack tips.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDepth sensitivity of wetting: monolayers of .omega.-mercapto ethers on goldColin D. Bain and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 17, 5897–5898Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00225a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00225a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views741Altmetric-Citations208LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.omega.-Terminated alkanethiolate monolayers on surfaces of copper, silver, and gold have similar wettabilitiesPaul E. Laibinis and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 6, 1990–1995Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00032a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00032a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1657Altmetric-Citations291LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A void in an infinite elastic-plastic material grows without bound when a cavitation stress limit is reached. Such unstable void expansion, driven by the elastic energy stored in the surrounding material, has been studied for the relatively simple case of spherically symmetric conditions and also for a spherical void in an axisymmetric remote stress field. The analyses are here extended to consider the effect of a void with an initially prolate or oblate spheroidal shape. Numerical unit cell analyses are carried out for a power-hardening elastic-plastic material subject to various axisymmetric remote stress states. For the range of void shapes analyzed it is found that the critical cavitation stress state shows very little influence of the initial void shape.
Abstract Die Reaktion von Ketoaldehyden (I) zu optisch aktiven Hydroxy‐carbonsäuren (III) in Gegenwart von Glutathion und Enzymen wie Glyoxalasen, die an vernetzten Gelen wie Poly‐(acrylamid‐N‐acryloxysuccinimid) fixiert werden, wird beschrieben.
Progress in nutritional science, genetics, computer science, and behavioral economics can be leveraged to address the challenge of noncommunicable disease. This report highlights the connection between nutrition and the complex science of preventing disease and discusses the promotion of optimal metabolic health, building on input from several complementary disciplines. The discussion focuses on (1) the basic science of optimal metabolic health, including data from gene–diet interactions, microbiome, and epidemiological research in nutrition, with the goal of defining better targets and interventions, and (2) how nutrition, from pharma to lifestyle, can build on systems science to address complex issues.
No abstract is provided for this article.
Abstract BACKGROUND High blood pressure (HBP) is a major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. Clinical trials including Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) have demonstrated beneficial effects of dairy consumption on risks of HBP and CVD. Yogurt, a fermented dairy product, may independently be related to CVD risk. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between yogurt consumption and CVD risk among hypertensive individuals in 2 large cohorts and to determine whether the association differs among those whose eating pattern more closely resembles the DASH diet. METHODS Overall, 55,898 female Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) and 18,232 male Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) participants with prevalent HBP were included. Cumulative average estimates of yogurt intake from validated food frequency questionnaires were related to verified self-reported CVD outcomes using Cox proportional hazards models. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adjusted for CVD risk factors, medications, and diet covariates. RESULTS Yogurt intake was inversely associated with CVD risk (myocardial infarction and stroke) among hypertensive participants (P &lt;0.01 in both cohorts). Among participants consuming ≥2 servings/week of yogurt, NHS women had a 17% (95% CI: 0.74–0.92) lower risk while HPFS men experienced a 21% (95% CI: 0.66–0.96) lower CVD risk compared to those who consumed &lt;1 serving/month. Regular yogurt consumers with higher DASH diet scores had 16% (95% CI: 0.73–0.96) and 30% (95% CI: 0.57–0.85) CVD risk reductions in the 2 cohorts, respectively. CONCLUSION Hypertensive men and women who consumed ≥2 servings/week of yogurt, especially in the context of a healthy diet, were at lower risk for developing CVD.
Chapters 4 and 5 cover delamination in multilayers that have interface crack lengths that are extremely large in comparison to other dimensions, in which case the energy release rate becomes independent of the crack size (i.e., the steady-state limit). However, when the interface crack length is comparable to other dimensions in the problem, the energy release rate generally depends on the interface crack length, and as such, numerical solutions are needed. This chapter describes the relationship between crack length and crack tip parameters, and in so doing provides guidelines that identify crack lengths for which the steady-state solution is accurate.
We analyze inelastic off‐fault response during earthquakes. Spontaneous crack‐like rupture, with slip weakening, is modeled in 2‐D plane strain using an explicit dynamic finite element procedure. A Mohr‐Coulomb type elastic‐plastic description describes the material bordering the fault. We identify the factors which control the extent and distribution of off‐fault plasticity during dynamic rupture. Those include the angle with the fault of the maximum compressive prestress, the seismic S ratio, and the closeness of the initial stress state to Mohr‐Coulomb failure. Plastic response can significantly alter the rupture propagation velocity, delaying or even preventing a transition to supershear rupture in some cases. Plastic straining also alters the residual stress field left near the fault. In part 1, we consider “dry” materials bordering the fault, or at least neglect pore pressure changes within them. Part 2 addresses the effects of fluid saturation, showing that analysis procedures of this part can describe undrained fluid‐saturated response. Elastic‐plastic laws of the type used are prone to shear localization, resulting in an inherent grid dependence in some numerical solutions. Nevertheless, we show that in the problems addressed, the overall sizes of plastic regions and the dynamics of rupture propagation seem little different from what are obtained when we increase the assumed plastic hardening modulus or dilatancy parameter above the theoretical threshold for localization, obtaining a locally smooth numerical solution at the grid scale. Evidence for scaling of some localization features with a real (nongrid) length scale in the model is also presented.
