Publications

Introduction: Plant-based diets are recommended for the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). South Asians primarily consume a plant-based diet but also have a disproportionately high risk of cardiometabolic disease. Because not all plant foods are beneficial to health, we previously developed a healthy plant-based diet index (hPDI) to reflect consumption of high quality plant foods. To create the hPDI, we assigned healthy plant foods (whole grains, fruits, vegetables, herbs/spices, nuts, legumes, tea/coffee) positive scores, while less healthy plant foods (juices, sugar sweetened beverages, refined grains, deep fried snacks/pickles, potatoes, coconut, and sweets) and animal foods received reverse scores. We examined cross-sectional and prospective associations between the hPDI and cardiometabolic risk markers (dyslipidemia, glycemia, inflammation, body composition, subclinical atherosclerosis, and incident T2D) among South Asians in the US. We hypothesized that those with higher scores on the hPDI will have a better cardiometabolic risk profile. Methods: We included 891 South Asians (mean age=55 y, 53% male) who completed the baseline visit in MASALA with reliable food frequency questionnaire data. The prospective analysis included 735 South Asians who completed exam 2 (~5 y after baseline). We used multivariable general linear or logistic regression to examine cross-sectional and prospective associations between hPDI and cardiometabolic risk adjusting for age, sex, education, income, medication use, calories, BMI, and various lifestyle, dietary, and cultural factors. In prospective analyses, we adjusted for the baseline value of the corresponding outcome variable. Results: At baseline, the hPDI was inversely associated with HOMA-IR and HbA1C [% decrease ± SE for every 5 unit higher hPDI: HOMA-IR=-2.76 ± 1.39, HbA1c = -0.37 ± 0.14]. There were no associations with beta-cell function, fasting and 2-h glucose, triglycerides, HDL-C, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, or subclinical atherosclerosis. A higher score on the hPDI (β ± SE for 5 unit increase) was associated with lower LDL-C (-1.50 ± 0.66 mg/dL), BMI (-0.20 ± 0.09 kg/m 2 ), weight (-0.54 ± 0.25 kg), visceral fat (-1.92 ± 0.94 cm 2 ), a lower likelihood of fatty liver (OR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.65-0.93), and obesity (OR=0.91, 95% CI: 0.82-1.00). Prospectively, we found no associations between hPDI and measures of glycemia (glucose, HbA1C) and dyslipidemia (triglycerides, HDL-C, and LDL-C). The hPDI was inversely, but non-significantly, associated with a lower risk of incident T2D [RR (95% CI) per 5 unit hPDI =0.87 (0.71-1.08), n=45 cases]. Conclusions: A higher intake of healthful plant-based foods was associated with a favorable cardiometabolic risk profile. Continued follow-up of the MASALA cohort will determine if the hPDI is associated with lower incident T2D and CVD events.

We describe the successful synthesis of modulation-doped silicon nanowires by achieving pure axial elongation without radial overcoating during the growth process. Scanning gate microscopy shows that the key properties of the modulated structures-including the number, size, and period of the differentially doped regions-are defined in a controllable manner during synthesis, and moreover, that feature sizes to less than 50 nanometers are possible. Electronic devices fabricated with designed modulation-doped nanowire structures demonstrate their potential for lithography-independent address decoders and tunable, coupled quantum dots in which changes in electronic properties are encoded by synthesis rather than created by conventional lithography-based techniques.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Varieties of Crystalline Architecture Produced by Small Changes in Molecular Structure in Tape Complexes of Melamines and BarbituratesJonathan A. Zerkowski, John P. Mathias, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10, 4305–4315Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00089a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00089a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views330Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (6)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts

These prospective data suggest that sudden cardiac death during exertion is an extremely rare event in women. Regular exercise may significantly minimize this small transient risk and may lower the overall long-term risk of sudden cardiac death.

Single-loop elastic rings can be folded into multi-loop equilibrium configurations. In this paper, the stability of several such multi-loop states which are either circular or straight are investigated analytically and illustrated by experimental demonstrations. The analysis ascertains stability by exploring variations of the elastic energy of the rings for admissible deformations in the vicinity of the equilibrium state. The approach employed is the conventional stability analysis for elastic conservative systems which differs from most of the analyses that have been published on this class of problems, as will be illustrated by reproducing and elaborating on several problems in the literature. In addition to providing solutions to two basic problems, the paper analyses and demonstrates the stability of six-sided rings that fold into straight configurations.

Peptide length affects the size of the ridges observed in the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the Langmuir–Blodgett films of amphiphilic peptides: Well-ordered LB films can be prepared from a 14-residue amphiphilic peptide (left), while ordered LB films with a wider lattice (right) are obtained from an 18-residue peptide. The 100 nm×100 nm images pictured were obtained by AFM using carbon nanotube tips.

Two modes of plastic flow localization commonly occur in the ductile fracture of structural metals undergoing damage and failure by the mechanism involving void nucleation, growth and coalescence. The first mode consists of a macroscopic localization, usually linked to the softening effect of void nucleation and growth, in either a normal band or a shear band where the thickness of the band is comparable to void spacing. The second mode is coalescence with plastic strain localizing to the ligaments between voids by an internal necking process. The ductility of a material is tied to the strain at macroscopic localization, as this marks the limit of uniform straining at the macroscopic scale. The question addressed is whether macroscopic localization occurs prior to void coalescence or whether the two occur simultaneously. The relation between these two modes of localization is studied quantitatively in this paper using a three-dimensional elastic–plastic computational model representing a doubly periodic array of voids within a band confined between two semi-infinite outer blocks of the same material but without voids. At sufficiently high stress triaxiality, a clear separation exists between the two modes of localization. At lower stress triaxialities, the model predicts that the onset of macroscopic localization and coalescence occur simultaneously.

Abstract The association between individual foods and breast cancer has been inconsistent. Therefore, we examined the association between diet and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by the alternative approach of dietary patterns. Dietary patterns were identified with factor analysis from food consumption data collected from a food frequency questionnaire in 1984. Relative risks were computed using proportional hazard models and adjusted for known risk factors for breast cancer. Between 1984 and 2000, we ascertained 3,026 incident cases of postmenopausal breast cancer. We identified 2 major dietary patterns. The prudent pattern is characterized by higher intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low‐fat dairy products, fish and poultry, while the Western pattern is characterized by higher intake of red and processed meats, refined grains, sweets and desserts and high‐fat dairy products. Neither of the patterns was associated with overall risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. However, a positive association between the Western pattern score was observed among smokers at baseline (relative risk = 1.44, comparing top to bottom quintiles; 95% CI = 1.02–2.03; p for trend = 0.03). An inverse association was observed between the prudent pattern and estrogen receptor‐negative cancer (relative risk = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.45–0.88; p for trend = 0.006). Among the major food groups, higher consumptions of fruits (relative risk for 1 serving/day increase = 0.88; 95% CI = 0.80–0.97; p = 0.009) and vegetables (relative risk = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.88–0.99; p = 0.03) were significantly associated with decreased risk for ER − breast cancer. In conclusion, we did not observe an overall association between the prudent or Western pattern and overall breast cancer risk. However, a Western‐type diet may elevate risk of breast cancer among smokers, and a prudent diet may protect against estrogen receptive‐negative tumors. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

The performance of metal sandwich plates under impulsive blast loads is compared to that of solid plates made of the same material and having the same weight. Three core geometries are considered: pyramidal truss, square honeycomb and folded plate. Plates of infinite length and clamped along their sides are subject to uniform impulsive load. The momentum impulse is applied to the face sheet towards the blast in the case of the sandwich plate, while it is distributed uniformly through the thickness of the solid plate. Large impulses are considered that are sufficient to produce lateral plate deflections more than 10% of the plate width. Fracture is not considered; the plates are assumed to have sufficient ductility to be able to sustain the deformations. A limited study of weight optimization is carried out for each of the core types with respect to the respective geometric parameters, including core and face sheet thickness, core member aspect ratios and relative density. A well-designed sandwich plate can sustain significantly larger blast impulses than a solid plate of the same weight. If the blast medium is water, fluid–structure interaction can reduce the momentum imparted to a sandwich plate by almost a factor of two relative to that imparted to a solid plate of the same weight, and, consequently, the relative benefit of the sandwich plate is significantly enhanced over its solid counterpart.

The question of melting has been addressed theoretically and experimentally for two-dimensional crystals in thermal equilibrium. However, as it pertains to out-of-equilibrium systems, the question is unresolved. Here, we present a platform to study the melting of a two-dimensional, binary Coulombic crystal composed of equal numbers of nylon and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) beads that measure a couple of millimeters in diameter. The beads are tribocharged-nylon positively and PTFE negatively-and they experience long-range electrostatic interactions. They form a square crystal in which nylon and PTFE beads sit at alternating sites on a checkerboard lattice. We melt the crystal by agitating the dish in which it resides using an orbital shaker. We compare the melting behavior of the crystal without impurities to that of the crystal with impurities, where we use gold-coated nylon beads as impurities because they tribocharge negligibly. Our results reveal that impurities do not influence the melting of the crystal. Instead, the crystal undergoes shear-induced melting, beginning from its edges, due to its collisions with the dish. As a result of repetitive collisions, the beads acquire kinetic energy, undergo rearrangements, and become disordered. Unlike most examples of shear-induced melting, portions of the crystal remain locally ordered given the persistence of electrostatic interactions and the occurrence of some collisions that are favorable to ordering clusters of beads. Our work clarifies the melting behavior of sheared crystals whose constituents have persistent long-range interactions. It may prove valuable in determining the conditions under which such materials are immune to disorder.