The relationship between family background and mortality of offspring was studied by using a prospectively collected, general population, birth cohort database (n = 11,017), that is the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort which is linked with the national death register.A logistic regression analysis was performed in order to examine the association between family background and death of offspring (between ages 16 and 28 years).It was revealed that 117 subjects (90 males and 27 females) from the original birth cohort had died. The majority of the deaths were due to unnatural causes in both sexes (79%). After adjusting for confounders (psychiatric diagnosis and parental social class), the results indicated that the general mortality risk for males with a single-parent family background was significantly increased compared with males from a two-parent family background (odds ratio 1.8 and 95% confidence interval: 1.1-2.9). The risk of committing suicide was significantly increased among young adult males with a single-parent family background (OR 2.5 and 95% CI: 1.1-5.8).Our finding calls for health care professionals to provide more preventative mental health support for children and adolescents living in broken homes.
Abstract Diethylacetamid (I) und N‐Ethyl‐pyrrolidon (II) werden als polare Lösungsmittel in verschiedenen Reaktionen verglichen mit Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxid und Hexamethylphosphortriamid.
Several design issues for a distributed system capable of supporting high-performance scientific computing are discussed. Two systems prototypes, one based on an object-oriented implementation and a second supporting coscheduling, and their application to distributed partial differential equation (PDE) solvers are presented. The questions explored relate to the proper computation and communication paradigms and the architecture of such systems. The point of view is that in supercomputing the total execution time of an application is a critical performance measure of the system and scheduling policies need to reflect user's needs rather be concerned only with requirements pertinent solely to resource utilization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is thought to arise from the complex interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. Since the advent of genomewide association studies (GWAS), we have seen considerable progress in our understanding of the role that genetics and gene-environment interactions play in the development of T2D. Recent work suggests that the adverse effect of several T2D loci may be abolished or at least attenuated by higher physical activity levels or healthy lifestyle, whereas low physical activity and dietary factors characterizing a Western dietary pattern may augment it. However, there still remain inconsistencies warranting further investigation. Lack of statistical power and measurement errors for the environmental factors continue to challenge our efforts for characterizing interactions. Although our recent focus on established T2D loci is reasonable, we may be overlooking many other potential loci not captured by recent T2D GWAS. Agnostic approaches to the discovery of gene and environment interactions may address this possibility, but their application to the field is currently limited and still faces conceptual challenges. Nonetheless, continued investment in gene-environment interaction studies through large collaborative efforts holds promise in furthering our understanding of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors.
When an elastomer is compressed, its surface forms creases at a critical strain about 0.35. When a plastically deformable material is compressed, however, its surface remains smooth at much larger strains. As the smooth surface folds locally into a crease, the material around the crease loads and unloads. We show that the hysteresis of plasticity retards the formation of the crease. For a crease growing in an infinite body, the stress field is self-similar as the crease grows, and the critical strain ec is the applied strain needed to maintain the self-similar growth. We simulate the formation of creases using an elastic-plastic model with linear hardening, and characterize the degree of plasticity of the model by the ratio of the tangent modulus to elastic modulus, Et /E. A small value of Et /E leads to a large critical strain for the onset of creases. We further show experimentally that creases can form at a strain of 0.49 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with Et /E ∼ 0.025, but cannot form for metals (aluminum, copper, and stainless steel) with Et /E ∼ 0.001.
Nanowire fi eld-effect transistors (NWFETs) represent diverse and powerful nanostructures for building nanoscale bioelectronic interfaces with cells and tissue. NWFETs exhibit exquisite sensitivity in chemical and biological detection and can form strongly coupled interfaces with cell membranes. We present a general scheme to assemble NWFETs with rationally designed composition and device geometry on inorganic and biocompatible fl exible plastic surfaces. These devices can be used to measure extracellular and intracellular signals from heart tissue and cardiomyocytes. The measured extracellular signals are in millivoltrange, which are equal to or substantially greater than those1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA; E-mail: tzahi@cml.harvard.edu 2Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, and Department of Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA; E-mail: tianbz@cml.harvard.edu 3Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA; E-mail: cml@cml.harvard.edu *Corresponding authorList of abbreviations after the text.
