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Introduction: The role of dietary fat intake in body weight regulation remains controversial and few studies have examined long-term changes in types of dietary fat and weight change in longitudinal studies. Methods: We examined the association between changes in energy from dietary fat and weight change in three large, prospective cohorts including 102, 123 U.S. women and men who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Linear mixed model was used to assess the association between changes in energy from specific dietary fat and weight changes at 4-year intervals with multivariable adjustment for age, baseline body-mass index at each period, and simultaneous changes in dietary factors (total energy, energy from protein, cereal fiber) and lifestyle factors (smoking, physical activity, television watching, sleep duration). Results: Increased intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was inversely associated with weight gain. A 5% increment in energy from total PUFA was associated with less weight gain (-1.8 lb, 95% CI: -1.95 to -1.65, p<0.0001) and a 5% increment in energy from n-6 PUFA was associated with 0.90 lb (95% CI: -1.07 to -0.73, p <0.0001) less weight gain over 4-yr period. For marine n-3 PUFA, a 0.3% increase in intake was associated with 2.28 lb (95% CI: -2.50 to -2.10, p<0.0001) less weight gain; a 0.3% increase in intake of vegetable n-3 PUFA (ALA) was also associated with less weight gain (-0.77 lb, 95% CI: -0.86 to -0.68, p<0.0001) at a 4-year interval. The effect of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake on weight changes varied across time as the major food contributors to MUFA shifted from animal sources since 1986 to plant sources after 1994 in these cohorts. Prior to 1994, increasing intake of MUFA was positively associated with weight gain (0.50 lb, 95% CI: 0.36 to 0.65), whereas after 1994, increasing intake of MUFA was inversely associated with weight gain (-0.56 lb, 95% CI: -0.56 to 0.07, p<0.0001 for interaction). In addition, a 5% increase in energy from SFA was associated with 1.71 lb (95% CI: 1.59 to 1.83) greater weight and a 1% increase in energy from trans -fat was associated with 1.97 lb (95% CI: 1.86 to 2.08) greater weight gain within each 4-year period. Conclusion: Different types of dietary fats have divergent associations with long-term weight change: higher intakes of PUFA (both n-6 and n-3 PUFA) and plant-based MUFA were associated with less weight gain, whereas increasing saturated and trans -fat intakes were associated with greater weight gain. Our results support the current dietary guidelines that recommend unsaturated fats as replacements for saturated and trans -fats.

Parental lack or loss during childhood may increase the risk of later behavioural problems in the offspring. Westudied the association between violent recidivism and types of single-parent family of origin by using a prospectively collected general population birth cohort database (N = 5,589 males), 'the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort'. The results showed that the risk of repeated violent offending was nearly eightfold if the male child was born to a single mother who remained unmarried up to the child's 14th birthday. The corresponding probability was fivefold if the male subject was born to a single mother who married later during the offspring's childhood and twofold if the parents were separated. Parental death was not significantly associated with violent recidivism.

Background: Whether changes in consumption of sugary beverages or artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) are associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk has never been evaluated. Objective: We evaluated the association of changes in sugary beverage and ASB consumption over a 4-year period with subsequent 4-year risk of T2D among U.S. women and men. Methods: We followed-up 78,357 women in the Nurses’ Health Study (1986-2012), 82,937 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2013) and 35,148 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012). Beverage intakes were assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires every 4 years. Cox proportional regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) for T2D regarding 4-year changes in beverage consumption, adjusted for initial beverage intake and BMI. Results of the 3 cohorts were pooled using an inverse variance-weighted, fixed-effect meta-analysis. Results: During 2,849,389 person-years of follow-up, we documented 12,007 incident cases of T2D. Increasing sugary beverage intake by >0.5 serving/day over a 4-year period was associated with a 14% (95% CI: 7%, 21%) higher T2D risk compared with maintaining a stable consumption. Both beverages with added sugars (e.g., soft drinks) and 100% fruit juices were associated with higher T2D risk. Increasing ASB consumption by >0.5 serving/day was associated with a 19% (95% CI: 12%, 27%) higher T2D risk. Substituting ASB for sugary beverages was not associated with subsequent T2D risk (HR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.02). However, decreasing sugary beverage consumption and increasing water, coffee or tea intake by 1 serving/day was associated with a 3% to 11% lower risk of T2D. Conclusion: Increasing consumption of sugary beverages or ASBs was associated with a higher risk of T2D compared with maintaining a stable consumption of these beverages. Substituting water, coffee or tea but not ASB for sugary beverages was associated with lower T2D risk. Disclosure J. Drouin-Chartier: Other Relationship; Self; Dairy Farmers of Canada. Y. Zheng: None. Y. Li: None. V. Malik: None. A. Pan: None. J.E. Manson: None. W.C. Willett: None. F. Hu: None. Funding National Institutes of Health (UM1CA186107, UM1CA176726, UM1CA167552, DK112940, HL60712, HL118264); Canadian Institutes of Health Research (BPF-156628)

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Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), prepared by reaction of terminal n-alkynes (HC≡C(CH2)nCH3, n = 5, 7, 9, and 11) with Au(111) at 60 °C were characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angles of water. In contrast to previous spectroscopic studies of this type of SAMs, these combined microscopic and spectroscopic experiments confirm formation of highly ordered SAMs having packing densities and molecular chain orientations very similar to those of alkanethiolates on Au(111). Physical properties, hydrophobicity, high surface order, and packing density, also suggest that SAMs of alkynes are similar to SAMs of alkanethiols. The formation of high-quality SAMs from alkynes requires careful preparation and manipulation of reactants in an oxygen-free environment; trace quantities of O2 lead to oxidized contaminants and disordered surface films. The oxidation process occurs during formation of the SAM by oxidation of the −C≡C– group (most likely catalyzed by the gold substrate in the presence of O2).

AbstractThe distribution of personality disorders (PDs) was explored in hospital-treated subjects and in a population subsample. This study forms a part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study. Hospital case records of psychiatric treatment periods of all cohort members (n=11 017) were reviewed and re-checked against DSM-III-R criteria. A subsample of the cohort members living in Oulu (n=1609) were invited to a two-stage psychiatric field survey with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) as a diagnostic method. The most common PDs in hospital-treated sample were cluster B PDs (erratic). In the population subsample, cluster C PDs (anxious) formed the majority.Cohort studyEpidemiologyPersonality disordersSCID

Several clinical studies suggest the involvement of premature ageing processes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using an epidemiological approach, we studied whether accelerated ageing indicated by telomere length, a marker of biological age, is associated with COPD and asthma, and whether intrinsic age-related processes contribute to the interindividual variability of lung function. Our meta-analysis of 14 studies included 934 COPD cases with 15 846 controls defined according to the Global Lungs Initiative (GLI) criteria (or 1189 COPD cases according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria), 2834 asthma cases with 28 195 controls, and spirometric parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC) of 12 595 individuals. Associations with telomere length were tested by linear regression, adjusting for age, sex and smoking status. We observed negative associations between telomere length and asthma (β= -0.0452, p=0.024) as well as COPD (β= -0.0982, p=0.001), with associations being stronger and more significant when using GLI criteria than those of GOLD. In both diseases, effects were stronger in females than males. The investigation of spirometric indices showed positive associations between telomere length and FEV1 (p=1.07×10(-7)), FVC (p=2.07×10(-5)), and FEV1/FVC (p=5.27×10(-3)). The effect was somewhat weaker in apparently healthy subjects than in COPD or asthma patients. Our results provide indirect evidence for the hypothesis that cellular senescence may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD and asthma, and that lung function may reflect biological ageing primarily due to intrinsic processes, which are likely to be aggravated in lung diseases.

Aims Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and represent emerging drug targets to lower circulating triglycerides and reduce cardiovascular risk. To investigate the molecular effects of genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 inhibition and compare them to the effects of genetic mimicry of LPL enhancement. Methods and results Associations of genetic variants in ANGPTL3 (rs11207977-T), ANGPTL4 (rs116843064-A), and LPL (rs115849089-A) with an extensive serum lipid and metabolite profile (208 measures) were characterized in six cohorts of up to 61 240 participants. Genetic associations with anthropometric measures, glucose-insulin metabolism, blood pressure, markers of kidney function, and cardiometabolic endpoints via genome-wide summary data were also explored. ANGPTL4 rs116843064-A and LPL rs115849089-A displayed a strikingly similar pattern of associations across the lipoprotein and lipid measures. However, the corresponding associations with ANGPTL3 rs11207977-T differed, including those for low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle concentrations and compositions. All three genotypes associated with lower concentrations of an inflammatory biomarker glycoprotein acetyls and genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 inhibition and LPL enhancement were also associated with lower C-reactive protein. Genetic mimicry of ANGPTL4 inhibition and LPL enhancement were associated with a lower waist-to-hip ratio, improved insulin-glucose metabolism, and lower risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes, whilst genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 was associated with improved kidney function. Conclusions Genetic mimicry of ANGPTL4 inhibition and LPL enhancement have very similar systemic metabolic effects, whereas genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 inhibition showed differing metabolic effects, suggesting potential involvement of pathways independent of LPL. Genetic mimicry of ANGPTL4 inhibition and LPL enhancement were associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. These findings reinforce evidence that enhancing LPL activity (either directly or via upstream effects) through pharmacological approaches is likely to yield benefits to human health.