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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionMembraneless Vanadium Redox Fuel Cell Using Laminar Flow [J. Am. Chem. Soc.2002, 124, 12930−12931].Rosaria Ferrigno, Abraham D. Stroock, Thomas D. Clark, Michael Mayer, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7, 2014Publication Date (Web):January 22, 2003Publication History Published online22 January 2003Published inissue 19 February 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja025124lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja025124lcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1049Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (12 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Semiconductor nanowires configured as the active channels of field-effect transistors (FETs) have been used as detectors for high-resolution electrical recording from single live cells, cell networks, tissues and organs. Extracellular measurements with substrate supported silicon nanowire (SiNW) FETs, which have projected active areas orders of magnitude smaller than conventional microfabricated multielectrode arrays (MEAs) and planar FETs, recorded action potential and field potential signals with high signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution from cultured neurons, cultured cardiomyocytes, acute brain slices and whole animal hearts. Measurements made with modulation-doped nanoscale active channel SiNW FETs demonstrate that signals recorded from cardiomyocytes are highly localized and have improved time resolution compared to larger planar detectors. In addition, several novel three-dimensional (3D) transistor probes, which were realized using advanced nanowire synthesis methods, have been implemented for intracellular recording. These novel probes include (i) flexible 3D kinked nanowire FETs, (ii) branched intracellular nanotube SiNW FETs, and (iii) active silicon nanotube FETs. Following phospholipid modification of the probes to mimic the cell membrane, the kinked nanowire, branched intracellular nanotube and active silicon nanotube FET probes recorded full-amplitude intracellular action potentials from spontaneously firing cardiomyocytes. Moreover, these probes demonstrated the capability of reversible, stable, and long-term intracellular recording, thus indicating the minimal invasiveness of the new nanoscale structures and suggesting biomimetic internalization via the phospholipid modification. Simultaneous, multi-site intracellular recording from both single cells and cell networks were also readily achieved by interfacing independently addressable nanoprobe devices with cells. Finally, electronic and biological systems have been seamlessly merged in 3D for the first time using macroporous nanoelectronic scaffolds that are analogous to synthetic tissue scaffold and the extracellular matrix in tissue. Free-standing 3D nanoelectronic scaffolds were cultured with neurons, cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells to yield electronically-innervated synthetic or ‘cyborg’ tissues. Measurements demonstrate that innervated tissues exhibit similar cell viability as with conventional tissue scaffolds, and importantly, demonstrate that the real-time response to drugs and pH changes can be mapped in 3D through the tissues. These results open up a new field of research, wherein nanoelectronics are merged with biological systems in 3D thereby providing broad opportunities, ranging from a nanoelectronic/tissue platform for real-time pharmacological screening in 3D to implantable ‘cyborg’ tissues enabling closed-loop monitoring and treatment of diseases. Furthermore, the capability of high density scale-up of the above extra- and intracellular nanoscopic probes for action potential recording provide important tools for large-scale high spatio-temporal resolution electrical neural activity mapping in both 2D and 3D, which promises to have a profound impact on many research areas, including the mapping of activity within the brain.

Introduction Emerging data from animal studies suggest that diet during pregnancy may affect fetal growth and metabolic programming of the offspring with long‐term consequences. Epidemiologic data on transgenerational effects of maternal diet are sparse. Objective We prospectively investigated the association of maternal diet, in particular, intake of grains during pregnancy with offspring growth and risk of obesity from birth through age 7 years among high risk populations, women complicated by gestational diabetes (GDM) and their children born from the index pregnancy. Methods In the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002), 918 women complicated by GDM and their singleton children were included in the study. Diet during pregnancy was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Offspring body mass index z‐scores (BMIZ) by WHO references were calculated using clinically measured weight and length/height at birth, 5 months, 12 months, and 7 years. Overweight/obese was defined by WHO cutoffs. Linear and Poisson regression with robust standard errors were applied, adjusting for maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and other demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors. Effect modification by childhood factors including breastfeeding duration and child's physical activity and intake of sugar sweetened beverages at 7 years was assessed. Results Intake of refined grain during pregnancy was significantly and positively associated with offspring growth at 7 years. The adjusted β coefficient (95% CI) for a one‐serving per‐day increment of refined grains associated with offspring BMIZ at 7 years was 0.09 (0.02, 0.16). At 7 years, offspring born to women who consumed refined grains in the highest quartile during pregnancy (≥4.7 servings/day) experienced more than 1.7‐fold increased risk of overweight/obesity as compared to those in the lowest quartile (<2.2 servings/day) [adjusted relative risk (RR) (95% CI) = 1.74 (1.03, 2.93)]. Corresponding RR (95% CI) comparing the extremely high amount of refined grains (the highest 10 th percentile, ≥5.9 servings/day) to the lowest quartile was 2.59 (1.28, 5.23). The associations appeared being modified by offspring diet and lifestyle factors during childhood, which were more pronounced among children with less favorable lifestyle (i.e., who were breastfed <6 months, physically inactive, or consumed more sugar sweetened beverages). Moreover, substitution of one serving/day of refined grains with an equal serving of whole grains during pregnancy was associated with an 11% (95% CI: 0.82, 0.98) reduced risk of offspring overweight/obesity at 7 years. No associations were observed between grain intake and offspring growth at earlier ages. Conclusions Our findings suggest that higher intake of refined grains during pregnancy was significantly associated with greater offspring BMIZ and increased risk of overweight/obesity at 7 years. Such associations could be potentially modified by offspring diet and lifestyle factors during childhood. Support or Funding Information The study is funded by the Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health (contract # HHSN275201000020C). The Danish National Birth Cohort is supported by grants from The Danish Research Council # 09‐067124 (Center for Fetal Programming) and 09‐075611.

This work describes the development of magnetic levitation (MagLev) to characterize the kinetics of free-radical polymerization of water-insoluble, low-molecular-weight monomers that show a large change in density upon polymerization. Maglev measures density, and certain classes of monomers show a large change in density when monomers covalently join in polymer chains. MagLev characterized both the thermal polymerization of methacrylate-based monomers and the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate and made it possible to determine the orders of reaction and the Arrhenius activation energy of polymerization. MagLev also made it possible to monitor polymerization in the presence of solids (aramid fibers, and carbon fibers, and glass fibers). MagLev offers a new analytical technique to materials and polymer scientists that complements other methods (even those based on density, such as dilatometry), and will be useful in investigating polymerizations, evaluating inhibition of polymerizations, and studying polymerization in the presence of included solid materials (e.g., for composite materials).

Background Although the timing of menarche and menopause may be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the entire reproductive life span has not been considered comprehensively as risk for CVD . We investigate the associations of reproductive life span duration and ages at menarche and menopause, induced by natural means or surgical bilateral oophorectomy, with incident CVD in women. Methods and Results Prospective cohort study of 73 814 Nurses' Health Study following participants without CVD , defined as incident coronary heart disease or stroke, from 1980 through 2012. Duration of reproductive life span was generated by subtracting age at menarche from age at menopause. A shorter reproductive life span was associated with a higher risk of incident CVD after multivariable adjustment (relative risk, 1.32 [95% confidence interval, 1.16–1.49] comparing duration <30 with ≥42 years; P trend<0.0001). Early age at menopause was associated with higher multivariable‐adjusted CVD risk (1.32 [1.16–1.51] comparing age <40 with 50 to <55 years; P trend<0.0001), with excess risk for both natural and surgical menopause. Compared with women with menarche at 13 years, the multivariable‐adjusted CVD risk for early menarche at ≤10 years was 1.22 (1.09–1.36). The association between reproductive life span and CVD remained significant in sensitivity analyses excluding women who experienced extreme early age at menarche or who used hormone therapy. Conclusions A shorter duration of reproductive life span is associated with a higher risk of CVD , which is likely driven by the timing of menopause induced either naturally or surgically. Extremely early age at menarche is also associated with a higher risk of CVD .

Background: Unstable family environment during childhood is known to predispose to juvenile delinquency. Aims: This study explored whether childhood family structure is associated with violent behaviour of adult offspring. Methods: We used a large, unselected general population birth cohort ( n = 5589 males) linked with the national crime registers (up to the age of 32 years). The Ministry of Justice provided information on registered offences for all subjects. A logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between family type and criminality (violent and non-violent crimes). Results: We found that single-parent family “at birth” (adj. OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.8-7.0) and “all time” (up to the age of 14 years) (adj. OR 5.2, 95% CI 2.5-10.6) were risk factors for violent offences of an adult offspring. Also parental death (adj. OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.6) and divorce (adj. OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.6-3.7) doubled the risk for violence. Non-violent offences were associated only with parental death and divorce. Conclusions: A single-parent family of origin is strongly associated with later violent criminality of male offspring. Further studies are needed to explore the psychosocial aspects of single-parent family environment which may promote the vulnerability to violent offending in adulthood.

BACKGROUND: The EU LifeCycle Project was launched in 2017 to combine, harmonise, and analyse data from more than 250,000 participants across Europe and Australia, involving cohorts participating in the EU-funded LifeCycle Project. The purpose of this cohort description is to provide a detailed overview over the major measures within mental health domains that are available in 17 European and Australian cohorts participating in the LifeCycle Project. METHODS: Data on cognitive, behavioural and psychological development has been collected on participants from birth until adulthood through questionnaire and medical data. We developed an inventory of the available data by mapping individual instruments, domain types, and age groups, providing the basis for statistical harmonization across mental health measures. RESULTS: The mental health data in LifeCycle contain longitudinal and cross-sectional data for ages 0-18+ years, covering domains across a wide range of behavioural and psychopathology indicators and outcomes (including executive function, depression, ADHD and cognition). These data span a unique combination of qualitative data collected through behavioural/cognitive/mental health questionnaires and examination, as well as data from biological samples and indices in the form of brain imaging (MRI, foetal ultrasound) and DNA methylation data. Harmonized variables on a subset of mental health domains have been developed, providing statistical equivalence of measures required for longitudinal meta-analyses across instruments and cohorts. CONCLUSION: Mental health data harmonized through the LifeCycle project can be used to study life course trajectories and exposure-outcome models that examine early life risk factors for mental illness and develop predictive markers for later-life disease.

Migraine is the most common brain disorder, affecting approximately 14% of the adult population, but its molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We report the results of a meta-analysis across 29 genome-wide association studies, including a total of 23,285 individuals with migraine (cases) and 95,425 population-matched controls. We identified 12 loci associated with migraine susceptibility (P<5×10(-8)). Five loci are new: near AJAP1 at 1p36, near TSPAN2 at 1p13, within FHL5 at 6q16, within C7orf10 at 7p14 and near MMP16 at 8q21. Three of these loci were identified in disease subgroup analyses. Brain tissue expression quantitative trait locus analysis suggests potential functional candidate genes at four loci: APOA1BP, TBC1D7, FUT9, STAT6 and ATP5B.

Abstract Gestation is a crucial timepoint in human development. Deviation from a term gestational age correlates with both acute and long-term adverse health effects for the child. Both being born pre and post-term, i.e. having short and long gestational ages, are heritable and influenced by the pre- and perinatal environment. Despite the obvious heritable component, specific genetic influences underlying differences in gestational age are poorly understood. Here we identify one globally significant intronic genetic variant within the ADAMTS13 gene that is associated with prolonged gestation in 9,141 white European individuals from the 1966 and 1986 Northern Finland birth cohorts. Additional variants that reached suggestive levels of significance were identified within introns at the TKT, and ARGHAP42 genes, and in the upstream (5’) intergenic regions of the B3GALT5 and SSBP2 genes. The variants near the ADAMTS13, B3GALT5, SSBP2 and TKT loci are linked to alterations in gene expression levels (cis-eQTLs). Luciferase assays confirmed the allele specific enhancer activity for the BGALT5 and TKT loci. Our findings provide the first evidence of a specific genetic influence associated with prolonged gestation.

OBJECTIVE—To assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and mortality among women with type 2 diabetes in the Nurses’ Health Study cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Nurses’ Health Study, a prospective cohort of U.S. female registered nurses, included 7,401 women with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at baseline or during follow-up from 1976 to 1996. Total and cause-specific mortality of these diabetic women were the outcomes of interest. RESULTS—We documented 724 deaths during 20 years of follow-up (67,420 person-years) among women with type 2 diabetes. In multivariate analyses, adjusting for age, history of high blood pressure and high cholesterol, and other cardiovascular risk factors, compared with never smokers, the RRs of mortality were 1.31 (95% CI 1.11–1.55) for past smokers, 1.43 (0.96–2.14) for current smokers of 1–14 cigarettes/day, 1.64 (1.24–2.17) for current smokers of 15–34 cigarettes/day, and 2.19 (1.32–3.65) for current smokers of ≥35 cigarettes/day (P for trend = 0.0002). Women with type 2 diabetes who had stopped smoking for ≥10 years had a mortality RR of 1.11 (0.92–1.35) compared with diabetic women who were never smokers. CONCLUSIONS—Cigarette smoking is associated in a dose-response manner with an increased mortality among women with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, quitting smoking appears to decrease this excess risk substantially. Diabetes patients should be strongly advised against smoking.

Abstract DNA methylation profiles of aggressive behavior may capture lifetime cumulative effects of genetic, stochastic, and environmental influences associated with aggression. Here, we report the first large meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) of aggressive behavior (N=15,324 participants). In peripheral blood samples of 14,434 participants from 18 cohorts with mean ages ranging from 7 to 68 years, 13 methylation sites were significantly associated with aggression (alpha=1.2×10 −7 ; Bonferroni correction). In cord blood samples of 2,425 children from five cohorts with aggression assessed at mean ages ranging from 4 to 7 years, 83% of these sites showed the same direction of association with childhood aggression ( r =0.74, p=0.006) but no epigenome-wide significant sites were found. Top-sites (48 at a false discovery rate of 5% in the peripherl blood meta-analysis or in a combined meta-analysis of peripheral blood and cord blood) have been associated with chemical exposures, smoking, cognition, metabolic traits, and genetic variation (mQTLs). Three genes whose expression levels were associated with top-sites were previously linked to schizophrenia and general risk tolerance. At six CpGs, DNA methylation variation in blood mirrors variation in the brain. On average 44% (range=3-82%) of the aggression–methylation association was explained by current and former smoking and BMI. These findings point at loci that are sensitive to chemical exposures with potential implications for neuronal functions. We hope these results to be a starting point for studies leading to applications as peripheral biomarkers and to reveal causal relationships with aggression and related traits.