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Abstract Epidemiological studies have suggested associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heart rate variability (HRV). However, the roles of plasma cytokines in these associations are limited. In discovery stage of this study, we used Human Cytokine Antibody Arrays to examine differences in the concentrations of 280 plasma cytokines between 8 coke-oven workers and 16 community residents. We identified 19 cytokines with significant different expression (fold change ≥2 or ≤−2 and q -value <5%) between exposed workers and controls. 4 cytokines were selected to validate in 489 coke-oven workers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in validation stage. We found OH-PAHs were inversely associated with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) ( p < 0.05) and interquartile range (IQR) increases in OH-PAHs were associated with >16% BDNF decreases. Additionally, OH-PAHs were positively associated with activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) and C-reactive protein (CRP) ( p < 0.05) and IQR increases in OH-PAHs were associated with >20% increases in CRP. We also found significant associations between these cytokines and HRV ( p < 0.05) and IQR increases in BDNF and CRP were associated with >8% decreases in HRV. Our results indicated PAH exposure was associated with plasma cytokines and higher cytokines were associated with decreased HRV, but additional human and potential mechanistic studies are needed.

OBJECTIVES: It is unclear whether adherence to low carbohydrate diet (LCD) patterns is beneficial towards type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. The present study aims to prospectively examine the association between post-diagnostic LCD patterns and mortality among T2D patients. METHODS: We included participants from the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study who were diagnosed with T2D during the follow-up. An overall total low carbohydrate diet score (TLCDS) was calculated based on the percentage of energy as total carbohydrates. In addition, plant (PLCDS) and animal-based LCD scores (ALCDS) emphasizing plant or animal protein and fat consumption, respectively, healthy LCD (HLCDS) and unhealthy LCD (ULCDS) emphasizing high or low quality of carbohydrates and fats, respectively, were further derived. All LCDS were cumulative averaged since the T2D diagnosis. Cause of death was identified from death certifications or review of medical records. A multivariable-adjusted Cox models were used to assess the association between LCDS and mortality. RESULTS: Among 10,101 participants with incident T2D contributing 139,417 person-years during follow-up, we documented 4,452 deaths of which 1,326 and 875 cases were attributed to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, respectively. The pooled multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs, 95% CIs) of total mortality per 10 points increment of post-diagnostic LCDS were 0.87 (0.82,0.92) for TLCDS, 0.75 (0.70,0.80) for PLCDS, and 0.78 (0.73,0.84) for HLCDS. Both PLCDS and HLCDS were also associated with significantly lower CVD and cancer mortality. Each 10 points increase of TLCDS, PLCDS, and HLCDS from pre-diagnostic to post-diagnostic period were associated with 13% (7%, 18%), 16% (20%, 31%), and 15% (20%, 31%) lower total mortality. Increasing pre-to-post-diagnostic PLCDS and HLCDS were also associated with significantly lower CVD mortality and cancer mortality. No significant associations were observed for either cumulative averaged or change of ALCDS and ULCDS. CONCLUSIONS: Among diabetes patients, greater adherence to LCD patterns that emphasize high quality sources of macronutrients was significantly associated with lower total, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. FUNDING SOURCES: National Institute of Health.

Background Higher flavonoid consumption may be associated with less weight gain over time through mechanisms related to energy balance, glucose metabolism, fat oxidation, and adipokine secretion. Objective To examine whether intake of specific flavonoid sub‐classes is associated with weight change over time. Methods We examined the association between change in intake of the range of flavonoid sub‐classes and change in weight in three large prospective cohorts of 124,102 men and women participating in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (HPFS), Nurses' Health Study (NHS), and Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II). From 1986 to 2006, these associations were examined within multiple 4‐year time intervals, adjusting for simultaneous changes in other lifestyle factors including other aspects of diet, smoking status, and physical activity. Results were combined using a fixed effects meta‐analysis. Results Increased consumption of all flavonoid sub‐classes was inversely associated with weight change over 4‐year time intervals. The greatest magnitude of association was observed for anthocyanins (‐0.52 lbs, 95% CI ‐0.74 to ‐0.30 lbs per additional SD/day, 22 mg). Conclusions These data may help to refine previous dietary recommendations for the prevention of obesity. This research was supported by the NIH, the Danish Council for Strategic Research, and the Rose Traveling Fellowship. Table. 4‐Year Weight Change (lbs, 95% CI) Associated with Increased Daily Flavonoid Intake (1 SD/day) HPFS NHS NHS II Pooled SD n=20,541 n=39,423 n=64,138 n = 124,102 Flavonols 13 mg ‐0.28 (‐1.37, ‐0.19) ‐0.15 (‐0.22, ‐0.09) ‐0.41 (‐0.48, ‐0.34) ‐0.28 (‐0.44, ‐0.12) Flavones 1.9 mg ‐0.15 (‐0.26, ‐0.05) ‐0.37 (‐0.45, ‐0.28) ‐0.42 (‐0.49, ‐0.35) ‐0.32 (‐0.47, ‐0.17) Flavanones 37 mg ‐0.17 (‐0.29, ‐0.06) ‐0.09 (‐0.17, ‐0.00) ‐0.05 (‐0.11, 0.01) ‐0.09 (‐0.16, ‐0.03) Flavan‐3‐ols 61 mg ‐0.13 (‐0.21, ‐0.04) ‐0.03 (‐0.10, 0.03) ‐0.16 (‐0.22, ‐0.09) ‐0.10 (‐0.18, ‐0.03) Anthocyanins 22 mg ‐0.42 (‐0.51, ‐0.32) ‐0.41 (‐0.48, ‐0.34) ‐0.72 (‐0.79, ‐0.66) ‐0.52 (‐0.74, ‐0.30) Polymers 271 mg ‐0.22 (‐0.31, ‐0.13) ‐0.14 (‐0.21, 0.08) ‐0.33 (‐0.40, ‐0.26) ‐0.23 (‐0.35, ‐0.12) Total flavonoids 298 mg ‐0.26 (‐0.35, ‐0.17) ‐0.16 (‐0.23, ‐0.10) ‐0.37 (‐0.43, ‐0.30) ‐0.26 (‐0.39, ‐0.14) Adjusted for age and change in BMI, smoking status, physical activity, hours of sitting, hours of sleep, and diet.

Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder with the pathophysiology yet to be understood. The microstructural alteration in brain white matter (WM) has been suggested to be related to migraine in recent studies, but these evidence are observational essentially and cannot infer a causal relationship. The present study aims to reveal the causal relationship between migraine and microstructural WM using genetic data and Mendelian randomization (MR).

This paper describes the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE), and coupled CE and mass spectrometric techniques, to measure the values of the pKa of the amino groups of the aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin and of its acetylated derivatives. These values of pKa (8.4, 6.7, 9.7, 8.4) were determined by measuring the electrophoretic mobilities of the molecules as a function of pH; they are within 0.7 unit of certain values reported in the literature (by 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopies) but resolved ambiguities left by these earlier studies. The range of values of pKa of amino groups also indicates the complex dependence of the acidity of a functional group (and thus the extent of ionization at a specified value of pH) on the molecular environment of that group.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Colorectal, esophageal, stomach, and liver cancers are four major gastrointestinal (GI) cancers that have 2-3 times the age-standardized incidence rates in China compared to the global average. Examining the time trend of risk factors associated with GI cancer would help us project the future trend of GI cancer incidence in China and guide public health policymaking. METHODS: We estimated the time trend of relevant dietary and lifestyle factors in China based on data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 1991-2011. We applied the comparative risk assessment method to estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF%) and the absolute number of GI cancer events attributable to all non-optimal levels of each risk factor. We have also projected the lifestyle factors and the estimated burden of GI cancer in the next 30 years. RESULTS: In 2011, the overall estimated PAF% by all risk factors under study is 73% for esophageal cancer, 59% for colorectal cancer, 47% for gastric cancer, and 35% for liver cancer. Smoking, low fruit intake, high red meat consumption, high body mass index (BMI), and high alcohol consumption were the top 5 contributors to GI cancer incidence in China; each accounted for 173, 134, 132, 125, and 91 thousand GI cancer cases, respectively. For specific cancer sites, high red meat consumption accounted for the most cases of colorectal cancer in 2011 (N = 51,405; PAF% = 19%) and is projected to have higher PAF% from 15% in 1997 to 23% in 2041. High BMI is responsible for the most liver cancer cases in 2011 (N = 55,244; PAF% = 17%) and has an increasing trend in expected PAF% from 7% in 1991 to 20% in 2041; low fruit intake is the top contributor for esophageal cancer in 2011 (N = 85,345; PAR% = 29%) with a downward trend in the next few decades (PAF% from 33% in 1997 to 23% in 2041); high sodium intake represented the highest PAF% for gastric cancer in 2011 (68,858 cases, PAF% = 17%), but is expected to be overpassed by smoking, high BMI, and red meat consumption in 2015-2025. CONCLUSIONS: China has witnessed significant transitions in lifestyle, including diet, physical activity, and obesity. The impact of the lifestyle risk factors on the risk of GI cancer has been increasing from 1991 to 2011 and is projected to continue growing. High red meat consumption and high BMI call for extra attention as they are among the top contributors to GI cancer and are expected to have stronger impacts in the next 30 years in China. Citation Format: You Wu, Yanping Li, Edward Giovannucci, Frank B. Hu. Potential impact of time trend of lifestyle factors on burden of gastrointestinal cancer in China [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 793.

Animal studies demonstrate a clear link between prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids (GC) and altered offspring brain development. We aim to examine whether prenatal GC exposure programs long-term mental health in humans.Using propensity-score-matching, children prenatally exposed to synthetic glucocorticoids (sGC), n=37, and controls, n=185, were balanced on important confounders related to sGC treatment--gestational age and pre-pregnancy BMI. We also used mixed-effects modeling to analyse the entire cohort--matching each sGC case, n=37, to all possible controls, n=6079, on gestational age and sex. We obtained data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 at four waves--pregnancy, birth, 8 and 16 years. Data on pregnancy and birth outcomes came from medical records. Mental health was assessed at 8 years by teachers with the Rutter B2 scale, and at 16 years by parents with the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD symptoms and Normal behavior (SWAN) scale and adolescents by the Youth Self-Report (YSR) scale.Prenatal sGC treatment was consistently associated with adverse mental health in childhood and adolescence, as shown by both the propensity-score method and mixed-effects model. Using the propensity-score-matched subsample, linear multiple regression showed prenatal sGC was significantly linked with general psychiatric disturbance (B=8.34 [95% CI: .23-16.45]) and inattention (B= .97 [95% CI: .16-1.80]) at 8 years after control for relevant confounders. Similar findings were obtained at 16 years, but did not reach statistical significance. Mediation by birthweight/placental weight was not detected.This study is the first to prospectively investigate the long-term associations between prenatal exposure to sGC treatment and mental health in children and adolescents. We report an association between prenatal exposure to sGC and child mental health, supportive of the idea that sGC has a programming effect on the fetal brain.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of formation of Grignard reagents. Kinetics of reaction of substituted aryl bromides with magnesium and with tri-n-butyltin hydride in ethereal solventsHarold R. Rogers, Randall J. Rogers, H. Lee Mitchell, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 1, 231–238Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00521a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00521a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views706Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts