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The detection of biological and chemical species is central to many areas of healthcare and the life sciences, ranging from uncovering and diagnosing disease to the discovery and screening of new drug molecules. Hence, the development of new devices that enable direct, sensitive, and rapid analysis of these species could impact humankind in significant ways. Devices based on nanowires are emerging as a powerful and general class of ultrasensitive, electrical sensors for the direct detection of biological and chemical species.
A broad range of multicomponent semiconductor nanowires (see also cover) has been synthesized using laser-assisted catalytic growth (LCG). Nanowires of binary group III–V materials, ternary III–V materials, binary II–VI compounds, and binary SiGe alloys have been prepared in bulk quantities as high-purity (> 90 %) single crystals. The nanowires have diameters varying from three to tens of nanometers, and lengths extending to tens of micrometers. The synthesis of this wide range of technologically important semiconductor nanowires can be extended to many other materials and opens up significant opportunities in nanoscale science and technology.
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper was to investigate how well children's health until age 7 years can be predicted by perinatal outcome using routine health registers. METHODS: Follow-up of one year cohort (N = 60192) was performed by record linkages with personal identification number. The data came from the 1987 Finnish Medical Birth Register, from six other national registers and from education registers of one county. RESULTS: All perinatal health indicators showed a strong correlation with subsequent health, and prediction of good health was satisfactory: 85% of children who were healthy in the perinatal period did not have any reported health problems in early childhood, and 91% of children healthy in early childhood had been healthy in the perinatal period. However, it was not possible to predict poor health outcome: 76% of the children with reported perinatal problems were healthy in early childhood, and 87% of the children with long-term morbidity in childhood did not have any perinatal problems. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in assessing risk factors and health care technology, monitoring perinatal health is not enough and long-term follow-ups are needed.
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and thermal decomposition of platinum(II) metallocyclesJoseph X. McDermott, John F. White, and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 13, 4451–4452Publication Date (Print):June 27, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 June 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00794a068https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00794a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views434Altmetric-Citations110LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Slip rupture processes on velocity-weakening faults have been found in simulations to occur by two basic modes, the expanding crack and self-healing modes. In the expanding crack mode, as the rupture zone on a fault keeps expanding, slip continues growing everywhere within the rupture. In the self-healing mode, rupture occurs as a slip pulse propagating along the fault, with cessation of slip behind the pulse, so that the slipping region occupies only a small width at the front of the expanding rupture zone. We discuss the determination of rupture mode for dynamic slip between elastic half-spaces that are uniformly prestressed at background loading level τb0 outside a perturbed zone where rupture is nucleated. The interface follows a rate and state law such that strength τstrength approaches a velocity-dependent steady-state value τss(V) for sustained slip at velocity V, where dτss(V)/dV ≦ 0 (velocity weakening). By proving a theorem on when a certain type of cracklike solution cannot exist, and by analyzing the results of 2D antiplane simulations of rupture propagation for different classes of constitutive laws, and for a wide range of parameters within each, we develop explanations of when one or the other mode of rupture will result. The explanation is given in terms of a critical stress level τpulse and a dimensionless velocity-weakening parameter T that is defined when τb0 ≥ τpulse. Here τpulse is the largest value of τb0 satisfying τb0 − (μ/2c)V ≤ τss(V) for all V > 0, where μ is the shear modulus and c is the shear wave speed. Also, T = [−dτss(V)/dV]/(μ/2c) evaluated at V = Vdyna, which is the largest root of τb0 − (μ/2c)V = τss(V); T = 1 at τb0 = τpulse, and T diminishes toward 0 as τb0 is increased above τpulse. We thus show that the rupture mode is of the self-healing pulse type in the low-stress range, when τb0 < τpulse or when τb0 is only slightly greater than τpulse, such that T is near unity (e.g., T > 0.6). The amplitude of slip in the pulse diminishes with propagation distance at the lowest stress levels, whereas the amplitude increases for τb0 above a certain threshold τarrest, with τarrest < τpulse in the cases examined. When τb0 is sufficiently higher than τpulse that T is near zero (e.g., T < 0.4 in our 2D antiplane simulations), the rupture mode is that of an enlarging shear crack. Thus rupture under low stress is in the self-healing mode and under high stress in the cracklike mode, where our present work shows how to quantify low and high. The results therefore suggest the possibility that the self-healing mode is common for large natural ruptures because the stresses on faults are simply too low to allow the cracklike mode.
Rene=a small watercourse Get access John Hutchinson John Hutchinson 1Middle Temple Library Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s9-IX, Issue 231, 31 May 1902, Page 435, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s9-IX.231.435a Published: 31 May 1902
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Solomon, Caren G.; Hu, Frank B.; Dunaif, Andrea; Rich-Edwards, Janet; Willett, Walter C.; Hunter, David J.; Colditz, Graham A.; Speizer, Frank E.; Manson, JoAnn E.
