Magnesium oxide (MgO) thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates by the radio frequency (RF) sputtering method. The MgO films were annealed at 400 ⁰C for 4h. The effect of working pressure on the structure and optical properties of MgO films was investigated. Structural characterization of thin films was determined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. XRD results showed the presence of dominant peaks corresponding to the (200) and (220) lattice planes of MgO. However, peaks corresponding to (111), (311) and (222) lattice planes of the MgO also appeared in the films deposited at low pressure. It was determined that the average crystal size decreased as the working pressure reduced, while the deposition rate increased. SEM analysis showed that the microstructure of the nano-spherical MgO film transformed into a coarse-grained nano-pyramidal shape after annealing. The optical properties of MgO films were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Accordingly, it was determined that the absorption threshold of the films was around 310 nm wavelength and the optical band gap of the films varied between 4.07 and 4.14 eV. As a result, MgO films with high transmittance reaching an average of 95% in the visible region were obtained.
Bu çalışmada Gaussian 03W ve GaussView 3.0 paket programlarıyla Yoğunluk Fonksiyoneli Teorisi (DFT/B3LYP ve DFT/BLYP ) ve ab-initio yöntemler içerisinde Hartree-Fock (HF) metodu fonksiyonelleri kullanılarak farklı yapıda benzotiyazol Schiff bazları içeren 2-Amino-6-(N-izopropil) Amidinbenzotiyazol Hidroklorik (C11H15ClN4S) molekülünün yapıları, elektronik ve spektroskopik özellikleri teorik olarak incelendi. C11H15ClN4S moleküler yapısı taban halde HF ve B3LYP ve BLYP metotları ile 6-31G, 6-31G+, 6-31G++ ve 6-31G++(d,p) temel setleri kullanıldı. Moleküllerin kararlı yapıları bulundu ve yapısal parametreleri bağ uzunlukları, bağ açıları hesaplandı. Bu molekülün, infrared titreşim frekans değerleri ve 1H ve 13C NMR kimyasal kayma değerleri teorik olarak elde edildi. Elde edilen teorik değerler, deneysel verilerle karşılaştırıldı. Ayrıca en yüksek dolu molekül orbital enerjileri (εHOMO, eV), en düşük boş molekül orbital enerjileri (εLUMO, eV) denge durumunda HF ve DFT-B3LYP ve DFT-BLYP metotları ile 6-31G, 6-31G+, 6-31G++ ve 6-31G++(d,p) temel setleri kullanılarak 12 farklı temel sette incelendi. Bu enerjiler dikkate alınarak sertlik (η) ve elektronegatiflik (χ) parametreleri hesaplandı. Bu çalışmada elde edilen teorik sonuçlar ile deneysel sonuçlar karşılaştırıldığında, hesaplanan sonuçların deneysel sonuçlar ile iyi uyumlu oldukları görüldü.
<title>Abstract</title> This study aims to assess the risks of ice and snowfall in Gümüşhane city center during the winter months. Icing poses serious risks to vehicular and pedestrian traffic in winter, and understanding and managing this situation is critical for urban safety. The study area covers various neighborhoods and streets within Gümüşhane's city limits in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. The materials and methods used include Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques, field studies, and analysis of meteorological data. We evaluated various parameters such as solar radiation, slope, precipitation, temperature, and elevation using GIS techniques. Field studies identified icing risks in shaded areas, sloping terrain, and congested streets, and recorded coordinate information for precise localization. The study determined that areas with narrow and high-rise buildings, known as "urban canyons," have a particularly high risk of icing. We observed icing more frequently and intensely in these areas due to the inability of sunlight to reach them. The lack of sunlight exacerbated the frequency and intensity of icing in these regions. Additionally, the formation of hidden icing as a result of melting snow and ice in sloping areas was also an important finding. In conclusion, the winter risks identified in this study are critical for traffic safety in Gümüşhane city center during the winter months. These findings may be used by the municipality and related institutions to guide their winter season plans. This approach aims to ensure safe transportation in the city during the winter season.
In this study, the effects of lead-doped eyeglass samples at different energies on the radiation shielding efficiency were investigated. Radiation shielding efficiency for samples were calculated using the EGS4 code and discussed theoretically by comparing with XCOM data. Mass attenuation coefficients (u/p) for lead-doped eyeglass samples were investigated theoretically (WinXcom and EGS4) at gamma ray energies between 59.5 and 1332 keV. Then, using the mass attenuation coefficients, it was determined some shielding parameters such as mean free path (MFP), half value layer (HVL), one tenth layer thickness (TVL), radiation protection efficiency (RPE), effective atomic number (Zeff) and gamma–ray kerma coefficients ( k ). It has been observed that lead (Pb) doping changes the parameters related to radiation protection efficiency in eyeglass samples.
Quantum mechanics is considered to be the most important achievement and mysterious scientific theory in mid-1900. Then it was successfully applied to understand a wide variety of physical phenomena including fundamental forces of nature, nuclear physics, superconductors, etc. Toward the end of 1900, people began to ask whether a quantum system can actually be designed instead of looking at them just a phenomena found in nature. Some of the question of interests are: what are the fundamental physical limitation son space and time required to construct a quantum state? What makes quantum systems difficult to simulate by conventional classical means?In this study, we present the basic concepts of quantum bits and quantum calculators and compare them with their classical counterparts. We also address the main challenges faced when aiming to simulate a quantum system. Frequently used quantum gates are presented.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates by the radio frequency (RF) sputtering method. The MgO films were annealed at 400 ⁰C for 4h. The effect of working pressure on the structure and optical properties of MgO films was investigated. Structural characterization of thin films was determined using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. XRD results showed the presence of dominant peaks corresponding to the (200) and (220) lattice planes of MgO. However, peaks corresponding to (111), (311) and (222) lattice planes of the MgO also appeared in the films deposited at low pressure. It was determined that the average crystal size decreased as the working pressure reduced, while the deposition rate increased. SEM analysis showed that the microstructure of the nano-spherical MgO film transformed into a coarse-grained nano-pyramidal shape after annealing. The optical properties of MgO films were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Accordingly, it was determined that the absorption threshold of the films was around 310 nm wavelength and the optical band gap of the films varied between 4.07 and 4.14 eV. As a result, MgO films with high transmittance reaching an average of 95% in the visible region were obtained.
Bu araştırmada, Gümüşhane ili Bahçecik köyü yayla bölgesi, Gümüşhane merkez ve merkeze bağlı Bahçecik köyü şebeke sularının radyoaktivitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, içme suyu olarak kullanılan kaynak suların insan sağlığına zararlı miktarda radyoaktivite taşıyıp taşımadığının belirlenmesi ve Bahçecik köyü yayla bölgesine yapılacak içme suyu barajından Gümüşhane ili içme suyunun karşılanmasının planlanması bakımından önemlidir. Çalışmada, bölgedeki kaynak sularından alınan numunelerin toplam Alfa-Beta analizleri Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu İstanbul Küçükçekmece’deki araştırma merkezine gönderilerek orada yapılmıştır. Gama analizleri ise Üniversitemiz laboratuvarlarında yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar toplam Alfa Bahçecik yayla bölgesinde en düşük ve en yüksek; &amp;lt;10 mBq/L ve &amp;lt;20 mBq/L toplam Beta da 13 ±1 mBq/L ve 50±10 mBq/L belirlenmiştir. Bahçecik köyünde çeşmede toplam Alfa 40±10 mBq/L ve şebeke suyunda &amp;lt;10 mBq/L toplam Beta çeşmede 70±10 mBq/L ve şebeke suyunda 50±10 mBq/L olarak belirlenmiştir. Gümüşhane merkez şebeke suyunda ise iki noktadan alınan numuneler için toplam Alfa değerleri sırasıyla 30±10 mBq/L ve 40±10 mBq/L ve toplam Beta değerleri 112±10 mBq/L ve 118±10 mBq/L olarak belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarında belirlene toplam Alfa-Beta değerlerinin üç bölgede de insan sağlığına zarar verecek değerler olan toplam Alfa’da 0.5 Bq/L, toplam Beta’da 1 Bq/L’nin altında olduğu görülmektedir. Gama analizinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre, 226Ra için 4.6 mBq/L ile 5.5 mBq/L, 232Th için 2.1 mBq/L ile 3.6 mBq/L; 40K içinde 91.25 mBq/L ile 117.9 mBq/L aralığında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu değerler için hesaplanan yıllık etkin doz eşdeğerleri, Dünya Sağlık Örgütünün (WHO) içme suları için belirlediği yıllık etkin doz eşdeğerinin üst sınırı olan 0.100 mSv/y’in çok altındadır. Gümüşhane ili şebeke suyu, Bahçecik köyü şebeke suyu ve Bahçecik köyü yayla bölgesindeki doğal su kaynaklarının insan sağlığına zarar verecek derecede radyoaktivite taşımadığı tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, the changes in various geomechanical properties were studied for sandstones cropped out at the Mescitli region of the Gümüşhane city under different saturation and anisotropy conditions. For this purpose, 225 specimens were prepared considering the lamination planes of those were chosen to have orientation of 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90° relative to loading direction. Index properties of the sandstones such as dry unit weight (dry), saturated unit weight (sat), water absorption by weight (Aw) and water absorption by volume (Av) were assigned. In accordance with the objective of study P wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength and indirect tensile strength values were determined based on different saturation and anisotropy conditions. It was noted as a result of the observations carried out that specimens parallel to lamination have higher wave velocities in general when compared with specimens that are perpendicular to lamination planes. While uniaxial compressive strength values for sandstones are high for specimens which are parallel and perpendicular to lamination, the lowest strength value was observed in specimens with an anisotropy angle of 30°. In addition, it was also observed that the strength values decrease at a significant level with increasing saturation conditions. Strength anisotropy ratio (RUCS) for sandstones varies between 1.28–1.49 based on different saturation conditions. Similarly, while indirect tensile strength values were higher in specimens that were parallel and perpendicular to lamination, they were lower for other anisotropy orientations. Indirect tensile strength values also decreased with increasing degree of saturation.
The chapter presents a review of proactive Moving Target Defense (MTD) paradigm and investigates the feasibility and potential of specific MTD approaches for the resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The aim is not only to provide taxonomy of various MTD approaches but also to advocate MTD techniques in the dynamic network domain in conjunction with the emerging Software Defined Networking (SDN) for more effective proactive IoT defense. The Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT), which subject to more attacks, are identified as two critical IoT domains that can reap from the SDN-based MTD approaches. Finally, the chapter also discusses potential future research challenges of the MTD approaches in the IoT domain.
AbstractThe geometrical parameters which affect the suppression factor for an HPGe (High Purity Germanium)-NaI Compton suppression spectrometer were studied by a Monte Carlo simulation with the EGS4 system. The spectrums were crated for 5 energy values ranging from 200 keV to 2 MeV. Compton suppression factors (CSFs), the parameters characterizing the system performance, were calculated for different HPGe crystal parameters. It was observed that to obtain better Compton suppressed factors, a laboratory must choose as small HPGe crystal as possible for energy values up to 400 keV. However, for higher energies up to 2 MeV, larger HPGe crystals provide better Compton suppression systems. These findings suggest that the choice of HPGe crystal size can significantly impact the performance of a Compton suppression spectrometer and should be carefully considered in its design and optimization.KEYWORDS: HPGe detectorCompton suppression factorEGS4 code Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsSelim KayaSelim Kaya Ph.D. an assistant professor at Gümüşhane University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Physics Engineering. He completed his doctorate at Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Physics in 2013. Master's and PhD studies are in the field of Atomic and Molecular Physics. He specializes in the areas of atom and molecular physics, X-ray and gamma-ray spectroscopy, nuclear shielding, etc. He has published more than 30 research articles in journals and conferences and completed several sponsored research projects.Necati ÇelikNecati Çelik is a professor of physics at Gümüşhane University. His research areas are nuclear physics quantum information and quantum calculations. He completed his PhD thesis at Karadeniz Technical University in 2010. He performed research at Ghent University and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Belgium for two years. He published more than 40 scientific papers in international-refereed journals. He also completed more than 10 research projects supported by different organizations including the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK).Abdulkadir GökAbdulkadir Gök is a student who completed his master's degree at Gümüşhane University in Postgraduate Education Institute in 2023. He graduated from Ondokuz Mayís University in 2013. He is currently studying gamma-ray spectrometry.Uğur ÇevikUğur Çevik is a professor of physics at Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey. He worked as a visiting professor at the University of Antwerp in Belgium in 2007–2008 and received the "Belgian Science Policy OSTC Grant" award from the Belgian Ministry of Education. He received Akdeniz University's Environmental Service Science Award in 2007 for his work in the field of radiation and environmental physics. He has more than 120 articles in SCI journals and nearly 50 presentations at national/international conferences. His publications have received more than 2500 citations in journals scanned by SCI.
Despite the potential benefits of smart meters as part of the Smart Grid initiative, the deployment of smart meters has aroused several concerns on consumer privacy. To address such concerns, various solutions are proposed in recent years under a variety of assumptions. Nonetheless, all of these solutions require a trust relationship between the consumers and utilities or third-party service providers which still does not convince some of the consumers for using smart meters. An ultimate solution is to hide the data from utilities or third-parties by using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) systems while still allowing them to do processing on the encrypted data for their needs. However, the FHE systems are recently started to be realized and their wider deployment for certain applications has not been explored yet. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of using FHE systems on an IEEE 802.11s-based Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) application when preserving the privacy of the consumers. We design and adapt one of the existing FHE schemes for AMI and test its overhead under a variety of conditions on an 802.11s-based wireless mesh network using ns-3 network simulator. Compared to traditional encryption and partially homomorphic systems, FHE comes with significant overhead in terms of data size and delay. Nevertheless, the results indicate that such delay and data size overhead are still in acceptable limits that can be handled by the existing meters and networks.
In the current study, the effects of silver (Ag) additive on the radiation shielding efficiency of BiPbSrCaCuO superconducting ceramics was calculated using the EGS4 code and discussed theoretically by comparison with XCOM data. The mass attenuation coefficients (µ/ρ) for BiPbSrCaCuO superconductor ceramics and their contents were investigated theoretically (WinXcom and EGS4) at gamma-ray energies ranging from 59.5 to 1332 keV. The theoretical values were computed in the energy range from 1 keV to 100 MeV using the WinXcom program. Then, using the mass attenuation coefficients, some shielding parameters were determined, such as the mean free path (MFP), the half value layer (HVL), the effective atomic number (Zeff), the radiation protection efficiency (RPE), the macroscopic fast neutron removal cross-sections (ΣR, cm−1) and the gamma-ray kerma coefficients (kγ). Theoretically, the results obtained with XCOM and EGS-4 were found to be in good agreement. The radiation shielding efficiency (RPE), neutron removal cross-section (ΣR, cm−1), maximum and semi-valent layer (HVL), and mean free path (MFP) values were found to be smaller for BiPbSrCaCuO superconducting ceramics as the silver (Ag) contribution was increased. Data from this study can guide further research and development of shielding materials for gamma-ray and neutron shielding.
The effect of temperature, field amplitude, frequency and orientation of the field on AC losses in a commercial Bi:2223/Ag tape prepared by the continuous filling and forming (CTFF) method has been investigated. The measurements were performed using an AC susceptometer. The experimental results show that the losses depend on field amplitude, temperature, DC field, orientation of the sample and strongly on frequency. Due to the strong dependence of AC losses on frequency, measurements were pursued at several frequencies between 20 Hz and 10 kHz at various temperatures (10, 20, 30 and 77 K). The strong frequency dependence at these low temperatures is attributed to eddy current losses and/or inter-filamentary coupling losses. At higher temperatures and low frequencies, the main contribution to AC losses comes from hysteresis losses due to the flux entry into and exit from the superconducting tape during the up and down swings of the magnetic field. We have calculated coupling losses as a function of frequency and temperature-dependent time constant. Experimental data are analyzed by comparing them with the calculated curves. From the DC field dependence of the AC susceptibility, we obtained the irreversibility line.
