Unité de Surveillance et d’Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle
Position du probleme : Les expositions personnelles au dioxyde d'azote (NO 2 ) et a l'ozone (O 3 ) ont ete estimees sur un echantillon de population du sud de la France. Les objectifs de la presente etude etaient de mesurer l'exposition aux photo-polluants sur un echantillon plus large vivant dans un environnement different et d'en definir les determinants. Methodologie : Deux cent quatre-vingt-quatorze volontaires ont ete recrutes a partir de la population francilienne de SUVIMAX. L'etude s'est deroulee sur 2 periodes, en hiver et en automne 1998. Les expositions personnelles et les taux interieurs de l'habitat ont ete mesures par des echantillonneurs passifs pendant 5 jours consecutifs. Les taux de pollution de fond ont ete collectes pendant les periodes d'etude a partir des stations du reseau de surveillance d'AIRPARIF. Des analyses de variance simple et multiple ont ete utilisees. Resultats : L'exposition des volontaires est faible au cours des periodes d'etude. Les moyennes pour NO 2 et O 3 sont respectivement : 41 μg/m 3 /h et 16 μg/m 3 /h. L'exposition personnelle augmente avec le temps passe en deplacements et le taux mesure dans l'habitat. Le coefficient de correlation entre les expositions personnelles et les concentrations interieures est egal a 0,73, et le taux interieur de l'habitat explique 50 % de la variance de l'exposition personnelle. Le taux interieur depend de l'equipement en appareil de combustion au gaz, de la pollution exterieure et de la proximite de l'habitat d'un axe de grande circulation urbaine. Cependant, l'utilisation d'une extraction mecanique de l'air diminue cette pollution. Conclusion: Cette recherche nous a permis d'identifier les principaux determinants de l'exposition au NO 2 sur un echantillon urbain. Ces donnees, avec celles precedemment obtenues, seront utilisees pour construire une matrice d'exposition.
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This study demonstrates the efficacy of an intake of antioxidant vitamins and trace elements, given at nutritional doses, on biochemical indicators of vitamin and trace elements status.
Read moreBiotechnologie et carotenoides M. Kuntz CNRS et Universite Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble 1 (UMR 5575), Laboratoire Plaste et Differenciation cellulaire, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 Les carotenoides sont des molecules de la famille des terpenoides, a 40 atomes de carbones, essentiellement biosynthetises par les plantes, certaines bacteries ou [...]
Read moreObjective: To assess how public health professionals evaluate a mass information campaign on European differences on exposure to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Design: EURALIM, a collaborative public health project, pooled and harmonised data on cardiovascular disease risk factors from seven European surveys and presented selected results in a brochure. During a European information campaign in Spring 1998, 60,000 brochures were distributed through public health professionals to the general public, with the aim to improve public awareness of existing gender differences in risk factor distributions and prevalences across different populations. The information campaign was evaluated by sending a questionnaire to 1,444 public health professionals. Setting: France, Italy, Northern Ireland (UK), Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands Results: Participation was low (21%) but results of the survey were strikingly consistent across the seven study centres. Most respondents stated that the projectis main objectives were fairly well or to a great deal attained (87%) and the brochure comprehensible and useful to them (77%). On the other hand 57% of the respondents rated the brochure as too complicated for the general public; 73% thought the general public would not be interested in European comparisons. Conclusions: Lessons of the present study can help design valid evaluation campaigns. The brochure was appropriately targeted to public health professionals. We were not able to determine whether it was well suited for the general public because we did not directly seek their opinion. Even though participation was low, the consistency of the opinions expressed by international public S. Beer-Borst
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Read moreThe first ecological epidemiological studies revealed the possible preventive role of some foods which contain antioxidant compounds on cardiovascular disease and on some types of cancer. Nevertheless, later further research and the initial population-based supplementary tests at therapeutic doses have rendered contradictory results. To elucidate the cause-effect relationship of the antioxidant nutrients, the SU.VI.MAX study was considered in France. This is a prospective population-based study of randomized, double blind intervention, the prime objective of which is that of evaluating the effectiveness of a combination of antioxidant minerals and vitamins at nutritional dosages on the morbimortality by cancer and ischemic heart disease of a cohort of 12,749 volunteers of both sexes, ranging from 35 to 60 years of age, spread throughout France over an eight-year period. Likewise, an evaluation was also made of the impact of the supplement on the incidence of infectious disease, cataracts, the individual feeling of well-being and the use of health care resources, the biological markers of the vitamin and mineral status, the antioxidant activity, the immune condition and the evolution of the cardiovascular risk factors. The final points of this study are: the overall mortality, the specific mortality by cancer and/or ischemic heart disease, the incidence of cancer (of any type) and the incidence of ischemic heart disease. The assessment tools employed were: a monthly health questionnaire filled out telematically, a yearly clinical or analytical health check-up every other year, as well as the exhaustive monitoring and documentation of the adverse events and serious health problems. To ascertain the eating behavior and the evolution thereof in the individuals comprising the cohort, an eating survey was filled out twice a month. A description is provided of the means and methods employed in this study, the originality and magnitude of which entail unique aspects which serve to remedy some problems of nutritional epidemiology, as well as the strategies employed for maintaining the active collaboration of the cohort and the exhaustive monitoring thereof. Two years into this study, the consolidation of the monitoring organization and the low drop-out rate afford the possibility of anticipating that the SU.VI.MAX study is going to provide some answers of interest with regard to the relationship between antioxidants and good health.
Read moreA link between bone mineral density and skin color has been reported recently, and pigmentation has been shown to affect cutaneous vitamin D production. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between phototype, global self-assessed sun exposure, geographical location and vitamin D serum levels in 1191 French adults. When the factors were analyzed separately, individuals with lower phototypes as well as those with lower sun exposure showed significantly lower levels of vitamin D than those with darker phototypes or those with higher sun exposure. However, when factors were analyzed as a whole, the vitamin D status was no longer linked with the phototype, but with sun exposure and geographical location. Since phototypes and global self-assessments of sun exposure were positively linked, our data suggest that lower vitamin D levels in fair-skinned individuals are due to their sun exposure behavior.
Read moreL'amalgame fait entre les concepts d'anemie et de carence en fer a laisse croire, compte tenu de la faible prevalence de l'anemie retrouvee dans les etudes epidemiologiques realisees dans les pays a haut niveau socio-economique au cours des vingt dernieres annees, que la carence en fer avait completement disparu [1]. Cependant, la reduction des apports energetiques observee au cours des dernieres decennies dans les pays industrialises en reponse a la diminution de nos depenses energetiques et a la modification structurelle de la ration (pourcentage de plus en plus eleve d'aliments contenant des sucres simples sans apport en micronutriment) laisse a penser que la couverture des besoins en fer (comme en beaucoup de mineraux et de vitamines) n'est pas aussi simple qu'on avait bien voulu le croire [2, 3]. Parallelement, les progres recents dans le domaine de la biologie du fer, dans les methodes d'evaluation du statut en fer des individus et des populations et dans la connaissance des consequences sur la sante de deficits moderes ont abouti a modifier le concept de carence en fer. II est clair aujourd'hui que l'anemie - meme si elle est d'origine ferriprive - ne constitue qu'un stade tres avance de la carence en fer. C'est en fait la partie visible de l'iceberg, mais la carence en fer constitue une entite beaucoup plus vaste que l'anemie, tant par le nombre d'individus concernes que par l'eventail de ses consequences sur la sante des individus et sur la vie de la communaute [1, 4]. Cet article de synthese fait le point sur les facteurs determinants et la realite du statut en fer de la population francaise.
Read moreEpidemiologie des principales carences vitaminiques dans les pays en voie de developpement Y. Ingenbleek Laboratoire de nutrition, Universite Louis-Pasteur, Strasbourg L'avitaminose A Elle constitue selon l'OMS l'un des quatre fleaux nutritionnels majeurs dont souffre l'humanite, a cote de la malnutrition proteino-calorique, du goitre endemique iodoprive [...]
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