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Increasingly, colleges across the world are contending with rising rates of mental disorders, and in many cases, the demand for services on campus far exceeds the available resources. The present study reports initial results from the first stage of the WHO World Mental Health International College Student project, in which a series of surveys in 19 colleges across 8 countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Mexico, Northern Ireland, South Africa, Spain, United States) were carried out with the aim of estimating prevalence and basic sociodemographic correlates of common mental disorders among first-year college students. Web-based self-report questionnaires administered to incoming first-year students (45.5% pooled response rate) screened for six common lifetime and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders: major depression, mania/hypomania, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, alcohol use disorder, and substance use disorder. We focus on the 13,984 respondents who were full-time students: 35% of whom screened positive for at least one of the common lifetime disorders assessed and 31% screened positive for at least one 12-month disorder. Syndromes typically had onsets in early to middle adolescence and persisted into the year of the survey. Although relatively modest, the strongest correlates of screening positive were older age, female sex, unmarried-deceased parents, no religious affiliation, nonheterosexual identification and behavior, low secondary school ranking, and extrinsic motivation for college enrollment. The weakness of these associations means that the syndromes considered are widely distributed with respect to these variables in the student population. Although the extent to which cost-effective treatment would reduce these risks is unclear, the high level of need for mental health services implied by these results represents a major challenge to institutions of higher education and governments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Body dysmorphic disorder requires obsessional thoughts regarding a perceived defect in appearance and/or compulsive behavior that develop in response to those thoughts. Individuals experience clinically significant impairment because of their appearance concerns. Body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder have many similarities, including phenomenologic features, comorbidities, and underlying pathophysiology. Insight into the excessiveness or irrationality of their beliefs varies from good to delusional. Many individuals with body dysmorphic disorder present with comorbid suicidal ideation and substance use disorders. This review contains 1 table, and 30 references. Key words: body dysmorphic disorder, diagnostic and statistical manual, obsessive-compulsive and related disorder

URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov.Unique identifier: NCT00671346.

Improved knowledge of these explanatory frameworks highlights the potential value of culturally sensitive assessment tools and stigma interventions in patient recovery. Furthermore such qualitative analyses contribute towards discussion about aspects of delusional thought that may be more universally stable, and those that may be more culturally variable.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant global problem, prevalent in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). IPV is particularly problematic during the perinatal and early postnatal period, where it is linked with negative maternal and child health outcomes. There has been little examination of profiles of IPV and early life adversity in LMIC contexts. We aimed to characterize longitudinal IPV and to investigate maternal maltreatment in childhood as a predictor of IPV exposure during pregnancy and postnatally in a low resource setting. This study was nested in the Drakenstein Child Health Study, a longitudinal birth cohort. Maternal IPV (emotional, physical and sexual) was measured at six timepoints from pregnancy to two years postpartum (n = 832); sociodemographic variables and maternal maltreatment in childhood were measured antenatally at 28-32 weeks' gestation. Associations between maternal maltreatment in childhood and IPV latent class membership (to identify patterns of maternal IPV exposure) were estimated using multinomial and logistic regression. We observed high levels of maternal maltreatment during childhood (34%) and IPV during pregnancy (33%). In latent class analysis separating by IPV sub-type, two latent classes of no/low and moderate sexual IPV and three classes of low, moderate, and high emotional and physical IPV (separately) were detected. In combined latent class analysis, including all IPV sub-types together, a low, moderate and high exposure class emerged as well as a high antenatal/decreasing postnatal class. Moderate and high classes for all IPV sub-types and combined analysis showed stable intensity profiles. Maternal childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect, and emotional abuse predicted membership in high IPV classes, across all domains of IPV (aORs between 1.99 and 5.86). Maternal maltreatment in childhood was associated with increased probability of experiencing high or moderate intensity IPV during and around pregnancy; emotional neglect was associated with decreasing IPV class for combined model. Intervening early to disrupt this cycle of abuse is critical to two generations.

Agomelatine is efficacious in reducing symptoms and preventing relapse in placebo-controlled trials in generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). Nevertheless, fixed dose studies of agomelatine in GAD have not been undertaken. To determine the minimally effective optimal dose of agomelatine in GAD, the efficacy of two doses of agomelatine (10 and 25mg/day) was investigated in a 12-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, international study in patients with a primary diagnosis of GAD. The primary outcome measure was the Hamilton Anxiety scale (HAM-A). The study was undertaken in 35 clinical centers in Finland, Russia, Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine from August 2013 to January 2015. 131 out-patients were included in the agomelatine 10mg group, 139 in the agomelatine 25mg group, and 142 in the placebo group. Both doses of agomelatine were associated with significant decreases in the HAM-A at week 12 (difference versus placebo of 7.16±1.00 at 10mg and 11.08±0.98 at 25mg, p<0.0001). Significant effects on all secondary measures were found for both doses at week 12; including psychic and somatic HAM-A subscales, response rate, remission on the HAM-A, and functional impairment. Findings were confirmed in subsets of more severely ill patients on all endpoints. The low placebo response rate observed in this study was consistent with an increase in the quality of data collected. Agomelatine was well-tolerated by patients, with minimal distinctions from placebo. There was a dose effect of agomelatine, with a greater placebo-agomelatine difference in the agomelatine 25mg group, compared to the agomelatine 10mg group.The present data support early work indicating the efficacy and tolerability of agomelatine in the treatment of GAD.

Aims Heart failure is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction, leading to a poor prognosis. We explored trends in the risk of heart failure among patients hospitalised with an incident acute myocardial infarction in Norway during 2001-2009. Methods and results A total of 69,372 patients were followed for an episode of heart failure occurring either during (early-onset heart failure) or within one year of discharge from the incident acute myocardial infarction hospitalisation (late-onset heart failure). Logistic regression and competing risk regression models were used to explore trends in early and late-onset heart failure respectively. Overall, 17.1% of patients had early-onset heart failure. The odds of heart failure increased by 2.3% per year (odds ratio = 1.023; 95% confidence interval: 1.015-1.031), influenced by an increase of 5.9% per year among younger (25-69 years) patients while no statistically significant changes occurred among older (70-84 years) patients. Among 47,673 patients discharged alive, without early-onset heart failure, 5.4% experienced late-onset heart failure. The risk of heart failure declined by 6.3% per year (subhazard ratio = 0.937; 95% confidence interval: 0.921-0.954). The decline was statistically significant in both age groups (6.8% per year and 5.9% per year respectively). Overall, the risk of heart failure occurring at any time during the follow up did not change significantly. However, it increased by 3.3% per year in younger patients and declined by 1.5% per year in older patients. Conclusions Heart failure occurring during acute myocardial infarction hospitalisation accounts for the majority of heart failure cases and is characterised by unfavourable trends, while heart failure rates following acute myocardial infarction discharge declined over the study period.

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Congenital heart defects (CHD) constitute the largest group of congenital malformations. In most families, only one person has CHD; however, the risk of CHD increases for children born into families already affected. In this study, all births from 1994 through 2009 were identified in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, including supplemental information on CHD from clinical and administrative registers, as part of the CVDNOR project. By using the unique personal identification number of each parent we were able to link 16,078 pairs of twins, 445,584 pairs of full siblings, and 106,840 pairs of half-siblings. Sibling recurrence risk ratio (RRR) was calculated using CHD status in the oldest sibling as exposure and CHD status in the younger sibling as outcome, adjusted for year of birth, maternal age, and maternal diabetes. Among full sibling pairs with CHD in the older sibling, the younger sibling had CHD in 4.1% compared to 1.1% of the pairs without CHD in the older sibling (adjusted RRR 3.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1-4.1). In same-sex twins the RRR was 14.0 (95% CI 10.6-18.6), and in opposite-sex twins the RRR was 11.9 (95% CI 7.1-19.9). For half-siblings the RRR was 1.5 (95% CI 0.8-2.8). When restricting to severe types of CHD, the RRR was 6.9 (95% CI 4.9-9.8) for full siblings. In 50% of the pairs with recurrent CHD, the siblings had similar types of CHD. The high relative risk of recurrence indicates that familial risk factors are important in the etiology of CHD.

This chapter presents a commentary on the reification of mental illness, as discussed in the previous chapter. It explores two key issues raised in the previous chapter: the nature of mental illness as referring to a concept, not a given thing; and the issue of subjectivity and interpersonality as indispensable elements of psychiatry.