Detailed consideration of statistical analysis in the early stages of experimental planning is critical to ensure blood-based biomarker discovery and validation. Statistical guidelines are presented to enhance implementation and reproducibility of machine learning and gene network analyses across independent studies. Future studies capitalizing on larger sample sizes and emerging next-generation technologies set the stage for moving the field forwards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This chapter draws on cognitive–affective science findings about categorization in order to contrast more typical disorders with more atypical disorders. It focuses on a few atypical mental disorders (substance use disorders, pathological gambling) as key exemplars. Some moral implications for individual and public healthcare are considered, with a focus on the ethics of collaborations between clinicians and those involved in industry. Collaborations between academic institutions and industry partners raise the potential for conflicts of interest and other problems. The pharmaceutical industry is sometimes viewed as a ‘good’ industry that can go wrong, while the tobacco industry is viewed as a ‘bad’ industry that can do no right. The alcohol and gambling industries present a continuum of benefits and harms that needs to be acknowledged, and there are important opportunities for these industries to do more good for those suffering from or at risk for substance use and related conditions.

Our findings are partially consistent with earlier work, suggesting that group differences in grey matter volume and cortical thickness could relate to the same underlying pathology of OCD. They partially support a frontostriatal model of OCD, but also suggest that limbic, temporal and parietal regions play a role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. The group × age interaction effects may be the result of altered neuroplasticity.

Pharmacotherapy for OCD varied significantly across sites. Prospective studies are required to determine the cultural, pharmacoeconomic and pharmacogenomic factors that may play a role in the variation in prescribing practices internationally and whether these variations influence treatment outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Socioeconomic and environmental factors affecting the lives of MHSUs have impact on caregiver relationships with MHSUs in their care.

Introduction: Peripheral blood eosinophilia (PBE) has been shown to be a marker of worse outcomes and increased medical costs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. It is hypothesized that eosinophils might serve as a marker for IBD outcomes. We describe real world outcomes in IBD pts with PBE and assess effects of persistent PBE. Methods: A prospectively collected clinical database was queried to identify IBD pts with at least 5 years of clinical follow up at our tertiary care center. Demographic, disease type, phenotype, and duration were collected on each pt. Charts were then reviewed for pts that did and did not have PBE during the past 5 years follow up. PBE was defined as >0.45 x 10ˆ3μL at any point during follow up. Pts with more than one episode of PBE were characterized as persistent PBE (PPBE). The clinical course of the two groups were compared against normal pts for mean health related quality of life by SIBDQ scores, mean HBI, UC disease activity index (UCDAI) scores, hospitalizations, surgeries and anti TNF usage over 5 years.Table 1: Demographic and Results for patients with PBEResults: 645 patients with 5 or more years of follow up. 501 (77%) were CD and 373 (57%) were female. All had at least one eosinophil count at the time of last follow up. A total of 84 (13%) pts had elevated PBE, a similar percentage of UC 12.5% and CD 13.2% had PBE. When compared to patients without PBE pts with PBE had similar demographics and disease characteristics. Pts with PBE had lower SIBDQ scores (50.1 v. 52.6 p=0.03) and higher mean HBI/UCDAI (3.1v. 2.3 p=0.003) than those without PBE. Pts with PBE were more likely to be hospitalized (64.2% vs. 46.4%, p=0.002) and to be on anti-TNF therapy (67.8% vs. 55.7%, p=0.037) than non PBE pts However, the rates of surgeries did not differ between the two groups. These associations were even more pronounced in pts with PPBE (n=60) compared to normal: SIBDQ (48.9 vs. 52, p=0.003), HBI/UCDAI (3.3 vs. 2.3, p=0.00), need for hospitalization (68.3% vs. 46.3 %, p=0.001) & need for anti-TNF (77.7% vs. 55.8%). Conclusion: PBE in IBD pts is associated with a worse health related quality of life, increase disease activity and overall worse clinical outcomes over long term follow up. These associations are even more pronounced in IBD pts with persistent PBE suggesting greater vigilance in this patient population. Additional research is needed to better understand this unique sub-set of IBD patients.

Dieser Artikel widmet sich dem Heidelberg Project, einer seit 1986 von Tyree Guyton in einer vornehmlich afroamerikanischen Gegend in Detroit angesiedelten Freilicht-Installation aus Fundstücken, verlassenen Häusern und leeren Grundstücken. Das Heidelberg Project ist ein prominentes Beispiel für das Spiel in und mit der Stadt; es ist ein Versuch, eine trostlose Gegend in einen kreativen Ort zu verwandeln, der sich dominanten Vorstellungen des städtischen Verfalls und urbaner Desillusion widersetzt. Der Artikel nutzt verschiedene Ansätze aus der Spieltheorie – u.a. aus Huizingas Homo Ludens, Neumann und Morgensterns Theory of Games and Economic Behavior und Sutton-Smiths Ambiguity of Play – um zu belegen, dass die im Heidelberg Project realisierte spielerische Transformation weggeworfener Gegenstände des alltäglichen Lebens in kulturell signifikante Artefakte auf eine Umdeutung weit verbreiteter Diskurse über das Scheitern der postindustriellen amerikanischen Stadt abzielt.

Our findings indicate that developmental stress in a genetic rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may foster a vulnerability to the development of substance use disorders.

The raw data of the manuscript, "Developmental stress elicits preference for methamphetamine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

The GRIN2B gene is involved in glutamatergic signalling and may be associated with developmental differences in AUD in brain regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex. Such differences may play a role in risk for AUD, and deserve more detailed investigation.

Abstract The majority of the global literature in psychiatry and psychology has focused on Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) regions. This chapter considers the issue of cognitive enhancement in South Africa, a low-middle income country that is arguably particularly useful when thinking about issues in psychiatry and psychology. The author discusses the issue of cognitive enhancement in a country where there is significant inequity between different groups. He considers the question of well-being and whether this should be a focus of interest in a low-middle income country. And he raises the question of whether the approach of clinical neuroscience or of global mental health is more relevant in such a country. The chapter makes the argument that it is important for neuroethics to be an international field that encourages the development of a cross-cultural neuroscience and that ultimately contributes to global mental health.

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is in the process of being revised. Sexuality-related conditions have been identified as a key area for revision, with the aim of improving clinical utility. Proposed revisions will be field-tested to evaluate their cultural sensitivity, relevance, and appropriateness across developed and developing world contexts. Brazil, Lebanon, Mexico, and South Africa have been identified as potential field-testing sites. The purpose of this article is to describe a multistakeholder consultative approach to explore the feasibility of field studies in these countries. A broad spectrum of ∼30 stakeholders, including health and allied health professionals, legal and human rights advocates, and government sector and civil society representatives, were approached in each of these countries and invited to participate in 3-day workshops to develop potential field-testing protocols. Engagement with these stakeholders revealed challenges for initiating field-testing in these contexts, the most common being the limited access to sexual health treatment facilities for conducting clinic-based research. Potential protocols that accommodated local resources and infrastructure were developed. Secondary outcomes included the broadening of networks for professionals working in the area of human sexuality, mapping of services currently available for sexuality-related conditions locally, increased awareness and discussion about sexuality-related conditions, and the intersection with human and sexual rights.