In 2002, the 45 year old Sorell Causeway Bridge in Tasmania’s south east was demolished due to fears surrounding the serviceability of the prestressed concrete beams, in relation to the corrosion of the post-tensioning strands. Attempts were made to determine the extent and severity of the corrosion prior to its demolition by employing a number of conventional non-destructive and diagnostic techniques, yet a firm conclusion could not be reached regarding the structure’s condition. To further investigate the degree of correlation between these conventional assessment techniques and the physical condition of the embedded steel in relation to corrosion risk guidelines recommended in the literature, a number of beams of varying condition were salvaged from the bridge demolition and subjected to further detailed investigations. The current paper focuses on the half-cell potential and chloride profile results obtained for two such beams in good and poor condition relating to the reinforcing and prestressing steel condition. In summary, the comparison of results yielded inconsistencies with the literature guidelines. Survey areas showing highly negative potentials and elevated chloride concentrations did not necessarily indicate corrosion activity or severity. In contrast, instances of severe corrosion were found on both reinforcing and prestressing steel where literature guidelines for these tests recommend that the risk of corrosion is low.

Rejoinder to separate Discussions by David Blockley, D.G. Elms, and Colin B. Brown of ‘Structural reliability theory in the context of structural safety’ by R.E. Melchers, Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, Volume 24, Number 1, March 2007, pp. 55–69.

Estimates of body weight, group size, home range size, day range length, socionomic sex ratio and sexual dimorphism are compared between 100 primate species, allocated to seven ecological categories. As would be predicted on energetic grounds, home range size and day range length are positively related to group weight and are greater in frugivores than in folivores; population density is negatively related to body weight; and group size is positively related to body weight. The adaptive significance of Variation in body size, sexual dimorphism and socionomic sex ratio is also discussed.

dynamics, data traffics and network topology is critical to the network evolution and per-formance evaluation. Using the router-level Internet as a precise case study, this paper discusses a model that describes the growth of local-world weighted complex networks. This model combines the new vertices and new edges with the dynamical evolution of the weights locally, thereby generating a growing network with many statistical properties observed from real-world network examples. In particular, the model yields non-trivial time evolution of various vertex properties, including such as exponential and scale-free distributions of weights, strengths and degrees.

Abstract Background: Atezolizumab+bevacizumab (atezo+bev) is a first-line therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) with ∼30% objective responses. Single-cell studies identified responses linked to CD8⁺ T effector cells (CD8_Tex and Temra) and CXCL10⁺ macrophages (Macro_CXCL10), and resistance to TREM2⁺ macrophages (Macro_TREM2) and CD14⁺ monocytes (Mono_CD14). We hypothesized that, beyond cell composition, immune spatial organization within the tumor microenvironment (TME) determines response to atezo+bev. Methods: Single-cell spatial transcriptomics (ST) was performed on 27 aHCCs (9 atezo+bev responders and 18 resistant) using the Xenium Prime 5.000-gene panel (10x Genomics) customized with 100 additional genes. For local tissue organization, distances between cells were computed using the dbscan package [radius(r)=300µm]. Immune cell clusters were defined as groups of ≥3 immune cells within 100 µm, and were identified through a density-based algorithm. This spatial clustering was assessed using both ST and multiplexed immunohistochemistry (mIHC) data. Cell-to-cell interactions (neighborhoods) were analyzed (r=25µm). Ligand-receptor interactions were evaluated using a spatial neighborhood-based approach. Results: ST of 27 aHCCs yielded 4.6 million cells. In responders, CD8_Tex and Temra, and Macro_CXCL10 cells localized within the tumor and were closer to cancer cells (p=0.02, p=0.08, and p=0.1, respectively). Furthermore, in responders, tumor hepatocytes exhibited a significantly enriched lymphoid neighborhood composition and significantly higher rates of immune-recruting interactions, including PDL1-PD1, CXCL9-CXCR3 and CXCL10-CXCR3 (p<0.05). Non-responders were enriched in TREM2⁺ macrophage-containing clusters. Specifically, they showed Macro_TREM2-pure clusters (10% vs 0%, p=0.009), mixed Macro_TREM2-Mono_CD14 clusters (27% vs 5%, p=0.03), and mixed Macro_TREM2-CD8⁺ T-cell clusters (38% vs 22%, p=0.04). This was accompanied by enrichment of the CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine axis, consistent with an immunosuppressive TME. Using mIHC, we confirmed enrichment of Macro_TREM2-pure (p=0.02) and Macro_TREM2-CD8⁺ mixed clusters (p=0.03). Conclusions: Atezo+bev response in HCC is marked by intratumoral effector CD8⁺ T cells and CXCL10_Macro, tumor hepatocytes enriched in lymphoid neighborhoods, and immune-recruiting ligand-receptor interactions, whereas resistance is driven by TREM2_Macro clusters and CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling. These findings identify spatial immune organization as a key determinant of response to atezo+bev. Citation Format: Anna Vila-Escoda, Marta Piqué-Gili, Marta Casado-Pelaez, Roser Pinyol, Ana Hernández de Sande, Verónica Davalos, Albert Gris-Oliver, Carla Montironi, Judit Peix, Daniela Grases, Ezequiel Mauro, Guillem Cano-Segarra, Sarah Cappuyns, Igor Figueiredo, Giorgio Ioannou, Edgar Gonzalez-Kozlova, Tim Meyer, Anja Lachenmayer, Jens U Marquardt, Helen L Reeves, Julien Edeline, Fabian Finkelmeier, Jörg Trojan, Sacha Gnjatic, Jean-Frederic Blanc, Richard A Hubner, Matthias Pinter, Tom Luedde, Arndt Vogel, Daniela Sia, Vincenzo Mazzaferro, Manel Esteller, Jeroen Dekervel, Eduard Porta-Pardo, Josep M Llovet. Spatial immune architecture at single-cell resolution predicts response to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in advanced HCC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2026; Part 2 (Late-Breaking, Clinical Trial, and Invited Abstracts); 2026 Apr 17-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2026;86(8_Suppl):Abstract nr LB123.

Bellow-shaped soft continuum robots with parallel mechanisms feature an excellent balance between structural stiffness and contact compliance, making them highly promising in various applications. However, their complex structures and nonlinear elastic characteristics pose significant challenges in modeling and control. In this work, we propose a kinetostatic model and a corresponding position-orientation controller for bellow-shaped soft continuum robots. First, bellow-shaped soft actuators are simplified into hyperelastic cylinder soft actuators with mechanical equivalence. In addition, the overall deformation is decoupled into elongation and bending components to enhance computational efficiency. Based on these two simplifying strategies, the kinetostatic model is developed with absolute nodal coordinate formulation theory. Then, forward and inverse kinetostatic mappings are defined, and the numerical solution algorithm is presented. Finally, the developed model is experimentally validated through configuration simulation and feedforward trajectory tracking. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed model achieves low prediction errors, with configuration simulation errors of 3.43%. Furthermore, with the model-based feedforward controller, a two-segment soft continuum robot can accurately follow desired trajectories with specified bending angles, achieving average position and angle errors of 4.14 mm and 1.58<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{\circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively.