Visceral leishmaniasis after orthotopic liver transplantation: a rare cause of infection

Abstract Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL ) was known as an opportunistic infection associated with immunosuppression, particularly related to human immunodeficiency virus infection and rarely to solid organ transplant recipients. We report a case of VL , 6 months after liver transplantation, in a patient who presented with febrile pancytopenia. The diagnosis was made by demonstration of amastigotes in smears from bone marrow. VL is a very rare infection in patients who undergo liver transplantation and, to our knowledge, this is the first case diagnosed in Portugal.