Triboelectric Nanogenerator Array as a Probe for In Situ Dynamic Mapping of Interface Charge Transfer at a Liquid–Solid Contacting

Contact between water droplets with hydrophobic surfaces is a common phenomenon at functional interfaces, and it has been extensively studied. However, quantifying the charge transfer between the liquid–solid interfacial contacting, especially for the charge density distribution throughout the movement of liquid droplet on a dielectric surface, remains to be investigated. Here, we developed a pixeled droplet triboelectric nanogenerator (pixeled droplet-TENG) array with high-density electrode array as a probe for measuring the charge transfer at a liquid–solid interface when a water drop moves on the hydrophobic surface. To intuitively observe the charge transfer between the liquid–solid interface, we "imaged" the transferred charges along movement trajectory of a water droplet as it slides along a tilted solid surface at a spatial resolution of 0.4 mm and time sensitivity of 0.02 s. Our study shows that the transferred charges are not uniformly distributed along the path, which is possibly due to the two-step model of electron transfer and ion adsorbed on the solid surface, and thus the formation of an electric double layer will inevitably shield the net surface on the solid surface. Our study presents a probe technology with potential applications in surface chemistry, physics, material science, and cell biology.