Third-Order Memristive Morris–Lecar Model of Barnacle Muscle Fiber

This paper presents a detailed analysis of various oscillatory behaviors observed in relation to the calcium and potassium ions in the third-order Morris–Lecar model of giant barnacle muscle fiber. Since, both the calcium and potassium ions exhibit all of the characteristics of memristor fingerprints, we claim that the time-varying calcium and potassium ions in the third-order Morris–Lecar model are actually time-invariant calcium and potassium memristors in the third-order memristive Morris–Lecar model. We confirmed the existence of a small unstable limit cycle oscillation in both the second-order and the third-order Morris–Lecar model by numerically calculating the basin of attraction of the asymptotically stable equilibrium point associated with two subcritical Hopf bifurcation points. We also describe a comprehensive analysis of the generation of oscillations in third-order memristive Morris–Lecar model via small-signal circuit analysis and a subcritical Hopf bifurcation phenomenon.