Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of <i>N</i> ‐ and <i>O</i> ‐Alkylated Sulfonamides: Density Functional Theory, Hirshfeld Surface Analysis, and Molecular Docking Studies

Abstract The current article is based on the synthesis of new N ‐ and O‐ alkylated sulfonamides; 4‐{[Ethyl‐(naphthalene‐2‐sulfonyl)‐amino]‐methyl}‐cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester ( IV ), 4‐[(2‐nitrobenzene‐1‐sulfonylamino)‐methyl]‐cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester ( V ) and 4‐[(Cyclohexa‐1,5‐dienesulfonylamino)‐methyl]‐cyclohexanecarboxylic acid methyl ester ( VI ). These compounds were characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, ESI‐MS spectrometry, and X ‐ray crystallography. Density functional theory (DFT) of sulfonamide esters was carried out through the Gaussian‐09 program to optimize structures. Hirshfeld surface analysis has been performed to understand the intermolecular interactions. Biological evaluation of all compounds was done to check their application for antibacterial ( Halomonas halophila, Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis, Chromohalobacter salexigens, Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Chromohalobacter israelensis, Nesseria gonorrhoeae , Klebsiella pneumonia , and Halomonas salina) , anti‐fungal ( Aspergillus niger ), enzyme inhibition activity (Acetylcholine esterase and butyrylcholine esterase) and anti‐oxidant activity (DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl) scavenging method, were carried out. Molecular docking was performed to check the interaction modes of these sulfonamide esters.