The 2019 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three physician scientists, Drs. William G. Kaelin, Jr., Peter Ratcliffe and Gregg Semenza, for their research investigating how cells sense and adapt to oxygen levels. Understanding the cellular adaptation to oxygen deficiency - hypoxia - has a deep impact on our knowledge of the pathogenesis of several conditions, including heart and inflammatory diseases, as well as tumours. HIF-1 is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in hypoxia-elicited gene responses. HIF-1 targets genes are involved in many pathways, such as cellular metabolism, survival and angiogenesis. Furthermore, hypoxia has been shown to impact the reprogramming process of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) and iPSC differentiation to cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs). New strategies have been employed to improve the maturity of hiPSC-CMs, which includes the application of mechanistic or chemical stimuli and genetic/epigenetic manipulations. Currently, the role of hypoxia and energy metabolism in promoting maturation of hPSC-CMs is a subject of new studies.
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