The characterization of catalysts by modern surface science techniques

Catalyst characterization when clean, or in the presence of adsorbed reactants and products, can be carried out on the molecular level for high surface area as well as for low area model catalyst surfaces. The structure, composition and oxidation states can be monitored and the bonding of adsorbates or co-adsorbates can also be determined. New instrumentation provides nanosecond time resolution to permit studies of surface reaction kinetics at low and high pressures. Techniques are becoming available for studies of solid-liquid interfaces that provide new opportunities to develop further the surface science of heterogeneous catalysis. Examples of the various surface studies will be presented and discussed.