Support Vector Machines for Predictive Modeling in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A Comprehensive Introduction and Overfitting Investigation Based on Two Real Applications

This works provides an introduction to support vector machines (SVMs) for predictive modeling in heterogeneous catalysis, describing step by step the methodology with a highlighting of the points which make such technique an attractive approach. We first investigate linear SVMs, working in detail through a simple example based on experimental data derived from a study aiming at optimizing olefin epoxidation catalysts applying high-throughput experimentation. This case study has been chosen to underline SVM features in a visual manner because of the few catalytic variables investigated. It is shown how SVMs transform original data into another representation space of higher dimensionality. The concepts of Vapnik−Chervonenkis dimension and structural risk minimization are introduced. The SVM methodology is evaluated with a second catalytic application, that is, light paraffin isomerization. Finally, we discuss why SVMs is a strategic method, as compared to other machine learning techniques, such as neural networks or induction trees, and why emphasis is put on the problem of overfitting.