Super-Activation as a Unique Feature of Secure Communication over Arbitrarily Varying Channels

The question of whether the capacity of a channel is additive or not goes back to Shannon, who asked this for the zero-error capacity function. Despite the common sense that the capacity is usually additive, there is surprisingly little known for non-trivial channels. This chapter addresses this question for the arbitrarily varying wiretap channel (AVWC), which models secure communication in the presence of arbitrarily varying channel (AVC) conditions. For orthogonal AVWCs it has been shown that the strongest form of non-additivity occurs: the phenomenon of super-activation. That is, there are orthogonal AVWCs, each having zero secrecy capacity, which allow for transmission with positive rate if they are used together. Subsequently, the single-user AVC is studied and it is shown that in this case, super-activation for non-secure message transmission is not possible, making it a unique feature of secure communication over AVWCs. However, the capacity for message transmission of the single-user AVC is shown to be super-additive, including a complete characterization. Super-activation was known for a long time in the area of quantum communication, where it is common opinion that this is solely a phenomenon of quantum physics and that this cannot occur for classical communication. However, the results in this chapter show that super-activation is indeed a feature of secure communication and therewith occurs in classical, non-quantum, communication as well.