Succinate is an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and plays a crucial role in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in mitochondria. Recently, new roles for succinate outside metabolism have emerged. Succinate stabilizes the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in specific tumors and in activated macrophages, and stimulates dendritic cells via its receptor succinate receptor 1. Furthermore, succinate has been shown to post-translationally modify proteins. This expanding repertoire of functions for succinate suggests a broader role in cellular activation. We review the new roles of succinate and draw parallels to other metabolites such as NAD+ and citrate whose roles have expanded beyond metabolism and into signaling.
Robert N. Jones, Kate E. McDonald, Joseph Willson, Bart Ghesquière, David Sammut, Eleni Daniel, A.J. Harris, Amy Lewis, A. A. Roger Thompson, Rebecca Dickinson, Tracie Plant, Fiona Murphy, Pranvera Sadiku, Brian Keevil, Peter Carmeliet, Moira K. B. Whyte, John Newell‐Price, Sarah R. Walmsley
Shih‐Chin Cheng, Jessica Quintin, Robert A. Cramer, Kelly M. Shepardson, Sadia Saeed, Vinod Kumar, Evangelos J. Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, Joost H.A. Martens, Nagesha Rao, Ali Aghajanirefah, Ganesh R. Manjeri, Li Yang, Daniela C. Ifrim, Rob J.W. Arts, Brian M. J. W. van der Veer, Peter M.T. Deen, Colin Logie, Luke O'neill, Peter H.G.M. Willems, Frank L. van de Veerdonk, J.W.M. van der Meer, Aylwin Ng, Leo A. B. Joosten, ,
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