Stoichiometric shifts in surface soils over broad geographical scales: evidence from<scp>C</scp>hina's grasslands

Abstract Aim The identification of stoichiometric flexibility is crucial for understanding carbon–nitrogen–phosphorus ( C – N – P ) interactions and ecosystem dynamics under a changing environment. However, current evidence of stoichiometric flexibility mainly comes from manipulation experiments, with little evidence from large‐scale observations. Location Alpine and temperate grasslands across northern C hina. Methods Using soil profiles derived from a historical national soil inventory and a contemporary regional soil survey across C hina's grasslands, we examined temporal changes in topsoil C : N : P ratios over recent decades. Results Topsoil C:N ratios of five major grassland types exhibited some flexibility but did not show significant changes over the sampling interval. Non‐significant changes in topsoil C : N ratios were observed both in alpine grasslands on the T ibetan P lateau and in temperate grasslands on the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Consistent with the relatively stable C : N ratios, the slope of the soil C – N stoichiometric relationship did not differ significantly between the two sampling periods. Soil N:P ratios in the surface layer increased significantly over the sampling interval, however, with an overall increase of 0.60 (95% confidence interval 0.58–0.62). A larger increase in soil N : P ratio was found in temperate grasslands on the I nner M ongolian P lateau than in alpine grasslands on the T ibetan P lateau. Moreover, the slope of the soil N – P stoichiometric relationship in these grassland ecosystems became steeper over the sampling interval. Main conclusions These results demonstrate the stability of topsoil C : N stoichiometry but variability in N : P stoichiometry over broad geographical scales, highlighting that soil C and N are tightly coupled, but N and P tend to be decoupled under a changing environment.