Aim This paper investigates the critical shortage of mental health human resources in South Africa, exacerbated by longstanding socio-economic challenges and the COVID-19 pandemic. It assesses the current state of mental health human resources and proposes evidence-based recommendations aligned with national and international policy developments. Method An extensive review of scientific literature, national policies, and reports from multi-lateral bodies was conducted. The research was informed by three round-table consultation workshops held in 2021, attended by stakeholders working in national mental health and HIV response. Additional insights were drawn from engagements by the Foundation for Professional Development project staff with various stakeholders, including government departments, and provincial- and district-level staff. Findings The South African healthcare system’s mental health sector faces significant challenges, including a severe shortage of specialised mental healthcare providers. The ratio of psychiatrists and psychologists to the population is critically low, especially in rural areas. Implementation of recent policy reforms, such as the National Mental Health Policy Framework and Strategic Plan 2023─2030, is hindered by insufficient human resources. Conclusion Urgent action is required to address South Africa’s mental health human resources crisis. Recommendations include lifting restrictions on private-sector training of mental health professionals, optimising task-shifting, and embracing technological solutions like telemedicine. Addressing this crisis not only upholds the human right to health, but also mitigates economic losses due to reduced productivity from untreated mental health conditions.
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