“Smart” hydrogels in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications

“Smart” hydrogels, also variously referred as “intelligent,” stimuliresponsive, stimuli-sensitive, or environmentally sensitive hydrogels, are three-dimensional hydrophilic network structures of polymer chains that are able to change their properties in response to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, magnetic and electric fields, and ionic strength or enzymatic environment. Systems with multiple responsive properties have also been developed combining two or more stimulus. Rapid and significant responses to changes to external stimuli are critical for the versatility of such smart hydrogels. These stimuli-responsive hydrogels are potentially beneficial for a diverse range of applications because the properties can be changed by the stimulus at the desired point and time. Herein, it is overviewed the most recent and relevant reports dealing with the development, applications and processing of smart hydrogels, mainly in the context of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.