Sex differences in cardiac arrhythmia: a consensus document of the European Heart Rhythm Association, endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society

Cardiac arrhythmias comprise a heterogenous group of disorders ranging from benign premature heart beats to malignant sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Catheter and device-based therapies coupled with landmark clinical trials have enhanced our understanding and treatment of these disorders. Studies evaluating pathophysiology, disease course, and therapeutic options for cardiac arrhythmias have been performed in predominantly male patients. Sex differences have the potential to impact diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in a wide variety of medical conditions and cardiac arrhythmias are no exception. This chapter will review sex differences in different cardiac arrhythmias with an emphasis on clinical evaluation, treatment, and outcomes.