Scholarly Digital Libraries as a Platform for Malware Distribution

Researchers from academic institutions and the corporate sector rely heavily on scholarly digital libraries for accessing journal articles and conference proceedings. Primarily downloaded in the form of PDF files, there is a risk that these documents may be compromised by attackers. PDF files have many capabilities that have been widely used for malicious operations. Attackers increasingly take advantage of innocent users who open PDF files with little or no concern, mistakenly considering these files safe and relatively non-threatening. Researchers also consider scholarly digital libraries reliable and home to a trusted corpus of papers and untainted by malicious files. For these reasons, scholarly digital libraries are an attractive target for cyber-attacks launched via PDF files. In this study, we present several vulnerabilities and practical distribution attack approaches tailored for scholarly digital libraries. To support our claim regarding the attractiveness of scholarly digital libraries as an attack platform, we evaluated more than two million scholarly papers in the CiteSeerX library that were collected over 8 years and found it to be contaminated with a surprisingly large number (0.3%–2%) of malicious scholarly PDF documents, the origin of which is 46 different countries spread worldwide. More than 55% of the malicious papers in CiteSeerX were crawled from IP's belonging to USA universities, followed by those belonging to Europe (33.6%). We show how existing scholarly digital libraries can be easily leveraged as a distribution platform both for a targeted attack and in a worldwide manner. On average, a certain malicious paper caused high impact damage as it was downloaded 167 times in 5 years by researchers from different countries worldwide. In general, the USA and Asia downloaded the most malicious scholarly papers, 40.15% and 27.9%, respectively. The top malicious scholarly document downloaded is a malicious version of a popular paper in the computer forensics domain, with 2213 downloads in a worldwide coverage of 108 different countries. Finally, we suggest several concrete solutions for mitigating such attacks, including simple deterministic solutions and also advanced machine learning-based frameworks.