Review on experimental and numerical approaches to the combined effect of carbonation and chloride ingress in reinforced concrete

<p>The impact of climate change on key environmental variables is well-known; yet its effect on complex phenomena such as corrosion due to carbonation and chloride ingress remains a subject of ongoing debate. This study reviews key experimental and modeling research addressing the combined effects of carbonation and chloride penetration in concrete structures. While studied individually, their combined effect remains less understood. Chloride ion ingress is particularly relevant in marine environments, where salt spray and carbonation may occur concurrently. Similarly, structures in urban areas exposed to de-icing salts and high</p><p>𝐶𝑂2 levels due to traffic and pollution face increased corrosion risks. Previous research suggests that carbonation can significantly influence chloride ion transport in concrete, but its exact effect, whether it accelerates or decelerates damage, varies across studies. Understanding this interaction is crucial for improving durability predictions and developing effective mitigation strategies.</p>