Abstract Reliability analysis of bridges is essential for the design of civil engineering structures. The classical methods, such as Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) and subset simulation techniques, may provide accurate results. However, since the finite element model of the large‐scale civil engineering structures usually consists of a large number of degrees of freedom, structural reliability analysis of such structures is time‐consuming and computational intensive, which may restrict the use of these methods. This paper proposes a novel method for the reliability analysis of bridge under different types of loads by combining Polynomial Chaos (PC) and subset simulation techniques. The surrogate model of the limit state function is approximated by using the PC expansion, in which the PC coefficients are obtained from the least‐squares method. The subset simulation with a PC‐based surrogate model is then used to estimate the rare failure probability. Reliability analyses of bridge structures under different loading types, that is, static load, dynamic moving load, and seismic load are performed. Studies by using the MCS method and the classical subset simulation are also conducted, and the results from the proposed approach are compared with those from MCS and subset simulation to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
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