Regulation of microRNA processing in development, differentiation and cancer

Introduction microRNA processing and function Regulation of microRNA processing during development, differentiation and normal cell function Examples of altered miRNA processing in cancer Conclusion Abstract microRNA (miRNA) is a class of small, noncoding, regulatory RNAs. The ∼ 21 nt mature miRNA is processed from larger precursor molecules following a coordinated series of events. In theory, miRNA processing may be regulated at any of these steps. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated various steps in the miRNA biogenesis process for which regulation occurs. RNA editing of miRNA precursors, SNPs or mutations in the miRNA precursors, regulation by RNA binding proteins, alterations in the levels of key processing proteins, as well as a number of unknown mechanisms contribute to the regulation of miRNA processing. This article reviews the available literature on the regulation of miRNA processing that occurs within normal cells, during development or in diseases such as cancer.