Redox Properties of Cytochrome<i>c</i>Adsorbed on Self-Assembled Monolayers: A Probe for Protein Conformation and Orientation

The redox behavior of cytochrome c (cyt c) adsorbed to gold electrodes modified with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) depends on the SAM. This paper examines SAMs generated from alkanethiols terminating in trimethylammonium (1), sulfonate (2), methyl (3), amine (4), and carboxylic acid (5) groups and from an aromatic thiol (6). The redox potentials of cyt c adsorbed on SAMs of 1 and 5 are relatively close to the formal potential of native cyt c measured in solution. The redox potentials of cyt c adsorbed on SAMs of 3, 4, and 6 are significantly shifted from the formal potential, and a reduction peak at about 0.5 V more negative than the formal potential (that is, a value corresponding to a more difficult reduction) was observed in all three cases. These observations suggest that cyt c changes its conformation significantly on adsorption on these surfaces. No redox peaks were observed for cyt c adsorbed on SAMs of 2, although surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies indicate that the SAMs of 2 irreversibly adsorbed approximately a double layer of cyt c. Mixed SAMs were also studied. Most interestingly, cyt c adsorbed on mixed SAMs formed from the combinations of 1 and 2 exhibited significantly slower electron transfer (0.3−1.2 s-1) than cyt c adsorbed on a homogeneous SAM of 1 (45 s-1). These observations suggest changes in protein orientation due to the presence of the sulfonate groups at the interface. This study suggests that electrochemical measurement can be a useful probe for the conformation and orientation of protein adsorbed on surfaces.