Red blood cell transfusion is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular complications in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a propensity score-matched analysis

Introduction Septic patients frequently develop critical illness myopathies (CIMs) that may represent a crucial factor for prolonged intensive care unit treatment and for ventilator weaning delay. Experimental fi ndings have identifi ed that oxidative stress plays a role in causing muscle depletion in chronic pathological states like sepsis. It is well documented that regular moderate physical exercise can decreased oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant functions. Objective To investigate whether exercise training reduces oxidative damage in septic rats induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Methods Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: Sham (submitted to a fake surgery), CLP, and CLP that was previously trained (CLPT). The exercise training protocol consisted of 8 weeks of running on a treadmill, 5 days/week, for 60 minutes at 60% of the maximal running speed obtained on the graded treadmill test. Rats were subjected to CLP surgery; after 120 hours of surgical procedure they were killed by decapitation. Oxidative damage of lipids (thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS)) and proteins (carbonyl groups) were analyzed in Soleus (type I fi ber) and plantaris (type II fi ber) muscles. Results See Table