Rapid sensing and relaying of cellular hyperosmotic stress signals via RAF–SnRK2 core condensates

by coexpressing three components or in solution in a test tube using recombinant proteins. Our findings identify B-RAFs as the chief cellular osmosensors that detect low water potential by cocondensation, forming a signal hub with SnRK2s to orchestrate adaptive responses in plants, and represent an evolutionarily conserved osmosensing mechanism across kingdoms.