Prediction of Emerging CVD Biomarkers in Population Exposed to Arsenic and Their Associated Risk Factors in Humans by Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Arsenic is a natural compound of metalloid (both metal and non-metal) found in soil and minerals used in semiconductor and alloys. Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk from drinking water or environmental sources. Exploring the emerging biomarkers associated with CVD upon arsenic exposure is crucial. Thus, this review paper aimed to analyze the prediction of emerging CVD biomarkers in population exposed to arsenic and their associated risk factors in humans by a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify eligible studies on arsenic exposure associated with CVDs and their risk factors. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of biomarkers for CVD of arsenic exposed population were assessed by calculating the quality criteria, standard means different (SMD), odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A meta-analysis was used to derive a combined SMD and OR for the heterogeneity test in between studies. The meta-analysis of nine articles were included. The overall effect sizes revealed significant heterogeneity across studies ( I 2 = 97.57%), with pooled effect size was 3.578 (95% CI 3.032 to 4.123, p < 0.0001) under the random-effects model. These results indicate a robust association between arsenic exposure and adverse cardiovascular outcomes, as confirmed by sensitivity analyses and bias assessments (Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42024616848). To improve the quality of future research, efforts should concentrate on enhancing control for confounders, enrolling diverse participant populations, and implementing and yield more substantial findings concerning the cardiovascular effects of arsenic exposure.