Potential Mobility, Bioavailability, and Plant Uptake of Toxic Elements in Temporary Flooded Soils

Contamination of flooded soils with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a serious issue confronting the cultivation and management of these soils. Large areas of flooded soils in the world are polluted with PTEs, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn) (e.g., Rinklebe et al., 2007, 2010; Rennert and Rinklebe, 2010; Ok et al., 2011a,b; Frohne et al., 2014, 2015; Shaheen and Rinklebe, 2014; Rinklebe and Shaheen, 2014; Shaheen et al., 2014a,b,c; Shaheen et al., 2015a). Elevated levels of PTEs in flooded soils may increase the mobilization and leaching of the elements that negatively impact agricultural ecosystems (Lee et al., 2013; Rinklebe and Shaheen, 2014; Rinklebe et al., 2016a,b; Shaheen et al., 2016).