Photonic bandgap based designs for nano-photonic integrated circuits

Photonic crystals are artificial crystal structures that are intended for electromagnetic waves as that of a semiconductor crystal that interact with electron waves. Photonic crystals usually have an electromagnetic bandgap, a band of frequencies in which electromagnetic waves are forbidden. They have been conceived for various applications including high capacity optical fibers, color pigments, and especially nano-photonic integrated circuits that might become part of standard microchips.