Abstract Even simple circuits containing only one op amp and linear resistors can have multiple d.c. operating points. Using a realistic non‐linear d.c. op‐amp model which includes the saturation characteristics, this paper gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary op‐amp circuit (containing op amps, linear resistors, strictly‐increasing non‐linear resistors and independent sources) to have a unique solution for all values of circuit parameters. These conditions are remarkable because they are couched strictly in topological terms. For many op‐amp circuits (e.g. those containing only one op amp), the necessary and sufficient conditions can be checked by inspection .
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