Natural Fiber Welded Electrode Yarns for Knittable Textile Supercapacitors

Natural fiber welded (NFW) yarns embedded with porous carbon ­materials are described for applications as electrodes in textile electrochemical capacitors. With this fabrication technique, many kinds of carbons can be embedded into cellulose based yarns and subsequently knitted into full ­fabrics on industrial knitting machines. Yarns welded with carbon and ­stainless steel have device capacitances as high as 37 mF cm ‐1 , one of the highest reported values for carbon‐based yarns. The versatility of this ­technique to weld any commercially available cellulose yarn with any ­micro‐ or nanocarbon means properties can be tuned for specific applications. Most importantly, it is found that despite having full flexibility, increased strength, and good electrochemical performance, not all of the electrode yarns are ­suitable for knitting. Therefore, it is recommended that all works reporting on fiber/yarn capacitors for wearables attempt processing into full fabrics.