Natural convection heat transfer in a nanofluid filled semi-annulus enclosure

To investigate natural convection heat transfer in a semi-annulus enclosure filled with nanofluid, the Control Volume based Finite Element Method (CVFEM) is used. The fluid in the enclosure is Cu–water nanofluid. The inner and outer semi circular walls are maintained at constant temperatures while the two other walls are thermally insulated. The Navier Stokes equations in their vorticity-stream function form are used to simulate the flow pattern and isotherms. The numerical investigation is carried out for different governing parameters namely; the Rayleigh number, nanoparticle volume fraction and the angle of turn for the enclosure. The effective thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid are calculated using the Maxwell–Garnetts (MG) and Brinkman models, respectively. The results reveal that there is an optimum angle of turn in which the average Nusselt number is maximum for each Rayleigh number. Moreover, the angle of turn has an important effect on the streamlines, isotherms and maximum or minimum values of local Nusselt number.