Nanowire and nanobelt arrays of zinc oxide from synthesis to properties and to novel devices

This review focuses on the growth, properties and novel applications of aligned arrays of ZnO nanowires (NWs) and nanobelts (NBs) for nanogenerators and nano-piezotronics. Owing to the semiconducting and piezoelectric dual properties of ZnO crystals, novel applications are introduced using aligned ZnO NWs, such as nanogenerators. These unique properties and applications will have profound impacts in many areas, such as self-powered nanodevices and nanosystems for in situ, real-time and implantable biosensing and biodetection, self-powering for defence and commercial applications, and remote sensing for space technology. The article provides detailed illustrations about the synthesis method, mechanical, electrical and optical properties, as well as the underlying mechanism for piezoelectronic devices and systems.