Fluorescent polyelectrolytes have attracted enormous attention as functional polymer materials. In contrast with the widely studied conjugated polyelectrolytes with ionic groups in side chains, fluorescent main-chain charged polyelectrolytes (MCCPs) have rarely been explored due to the large synthetic difficulty. Herein, we develop a facile and atom-economical <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene-directed cascade C-H activation/annulation polymerization strategy that can transform readily available imidazolium substrates and internal diynes into multifunctional fluorescent MCCPs with complex structures and high molecular weights (absolute <i>M</i><sub>n</sub> up to 135 600) in nearly quantitative yields. The presence of multisubstituted polycyclic <i>N</i>-heteroaromatic cations in polymer backbones endow the obtained MCCPs with excellent solution processability, high thermal stability, and dual-state efficient fluorescence in both solution and aggregate states. Benefiting from the strong electron-withdrawing capability of the cationic heterocycles in main chains, multicolored aggregate-state fluorescence can be readily achieved by modifying the substituents around the cationic ring-fused core. Taking advantage of the good photosensitivity of the fluorescent MCCP thin films, multiscale and high-resolution fluorescent photopatterns with different colors can be facilely prepared with potential applications in optical display devices and anticounterfeiting systems. Moreover, the strong electrostatic interactions of these cationic MCCPs with anionic polyelectrolytes enable them to form multicolored fluorescent interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation microfibers with directly visualized internal structures. Such flexible microfibers can be further made into diversified forms of fiber-based macroscopic patterns or painting.
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