Modular small-molecule directed nanoparticle assembly

We demonstrate a simple and versatile approach to produce hierarchical assemblies of nanoparticles by combining block copolymers and small molecules. Directed nanoparticle assemblies can be achieved with a variety of nanoparticles and small molecules without modification of the nanoparticle ligands. This novel approach opens up new routes toward the fabrication of nanoparticle-based functional devices using a "Bottom-Up" approach.