This paper presents buckling analysis of the reinforcing bars performed by the finite element method using large deflection theory of layered beam elements. The buckling behavior is considered under monotonic and cyclic loading. Based on the analytical results, several indices such as the buckling stress, the residual stress and the buckling mode are used to characterize the buckling behavior. Based on these results, a stress-average strain relationship of the reinforcing bars is developed accounting for inelastic buckling. The model features a post-buckling softening branch, since the buckling behavior is considered in the form of a material property, which is an easy method to introduce the effect of buckling in the finite element method.
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