Potentially damaging species (reactive oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine species) arise as by-products of metabolism and as physiological mediators and signalling molecules. Levels of these species are controlled by the antioxidant defence system. Several components of this system are micronutrients (e.g. vitamins C and E) or are dependent upon dietary micronutrients (e.g. CuZn and Mn superoxide dismutase). The antioxidant defences act as a coordinated system where deficiencies in one component may affect the efficiency of the others. Oxidative stress may be an important factor in infection if micronutrients are deficient.
İsmail Çakmak, Patrick H. Brown, José M. Colmenero‐Flores, Steen Husted, Bahar Yıldız Kutman, Miroslav Nikolić, Zed Rengel, Sidsel Birkelund Schmidt, Fang-jie Zhao
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