Methylotrophic methanogens and bacteria synergistically demethylate dimethylarsenate in paddy soil and alleviate rice straighthead disease

Microorganisms play a key role in arsenic (As) biogeochemistry, transforming As species between inorganic and organic forms and different oxidation states. Microbial As methylation is enhanced in anoxic paddy soil, producing primarily dimethylarsenic (DMAs), which can cause rice straighthead disease and large yield losses. DMAs can also be demethylated in paddy soil, but the microorganisms driving this process remain unclear. In this study, we showed that the enrichment culture of methylotrophic methanogens from paddy soil demethylated pentavalent DMAs(V) efficiently. DMAs(V) was reduced to DMAs(III) before demethylation. 16S rRNA gene diversity and metagenomic analysis showed that Methanomassiliicoccus dominated in the enrichment culture, with Methanosarcina and Methanoculleus also being present. We isolated Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis CZDD1 and Methanosarcina mazei CZ1 from the enrichment culture; the former could partially demethylate trivalent DMAs(III) but not DMAs(V) and the latter could demethylate neither. Addition of strain CZDD1 to the enrichment culture greatly accelerated DMAs(V) demethylation. Demethylation of DMAs(V) in the enrichment culture was suppressed by ampicillin, suggesting the involvement of bacteria. We isolated three anaerobic bacterial strains including Clostridium from the enrichment culture, which could produce hydrogen and reduce DMAs(V) to DMAs(III). Furthermore, augmentation of the Methanomassiliicoccus-Clostridium coculture to a paddy soil decreased DMAs accumulation by rice and alleviated straighthead disease. The results reveal a synergistic relationship whereby anaerobic bacteria reduce DMAs(V) to DMAs(III) for demethylation by Methanomassiliicoccus and also produce hydrogen to promote the growth of Methanomassiliicoccus; enhancing their populations in paddy soil can help alleviate rice straighthead disease.