Major diet sources of gut microbiota metabolites and type 2 diabetes (121.8)

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence has implicated gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes (T2D); and recent studies have associated gut microbiota metabolites including choline, betaine and trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO), with cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other diabetes risk factors. Little is known about the association between the major diet sources of these metabolites and T2D. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the associations of diet sources of gut microbial metabolites, including phosphatidylcholine, other choline‐containing components, and betaine with incident T2D METHODS: We followed 69, 993 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS 1980‐2008), 89, 337 women from NHS II (1991‐2009) and 37,481 men from the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (1986‐2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. RESULTS: We documented in total 14, 370 incident cases of T2D during 18‐28 years of follow‐up in the three cohorts. Comparing to individuals in the lowest quintile of dietary phosphatidylcholine intakes, the multivariate adjusted relative risk (RR; 95% confident interval (CI)) of T2D associated with the highest quintile of intake was 1.33 (1.20‐1.47) in NHS, 1.34 (1.17‐1.53) in NHS II and 1.18 (1.02‐1.37) in HPFS, resulted in a pooled RR of 1.30 (1.21‐1.39%). Dietary free choline, choline from glycerophocholine, and betaine were all consistently associated with reduced risk of T2D, while choline from sphingomyelin associated with increased risk of T2D, with RRs (95% CI) of 0.84 (0.77‐0.91), 0.88 (0.82‐0.94), 0.88 (0.83‐0.94) and 1.11 (1.00‐1.22), respectively, in the pooled analysis of the three cohorts, comparing the highest to the lowest quintiles of intakes. CONCLUSION: our data provide consistent evidence from the three separate cohorts that diet major sources of gut microbiota metabolites are related to risk of T2D. Grant Funding Source : CA87969, CA176726, and CA167552 from NIH