Long-distance entanglement-based quantum key distribution

A detailled analysis of quantum key distribution employing entangled states is presented. We tested a system based on photon pairs entangled in energy-time optimized for long distance transmission. It is based on a Franson type set-up for monitoring quantum correlations, and uses a protocol analogous to BB84. Passive state preparation is implemented by polarization multiplexing in the interferometers. We distributed a sifted key of 0.4 Mbits at a raw rate of 134 Hz and with an error rate of 8.6% over a distance of 8.5 kilometers. We discuss thoroughly the noise sources and practical difficulties associated with entangled states systems. Finally the level of security offered by this system is assessed and compared with that of faint laser pulses systems.