Improvements in diagnostic techniques have enhanced our understanding of the natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This has facilitated a proper evaluation of the available treatment options for this neoplasm through both phase II studies and randomized controlled trials. Surgical resection and liver transplantation constitute the first two radical options, and when they are contra-indicated, patients may benefit from percutaneous ethanol injection or thermal ablation by radiofrequency current. These options may also achieve a complete response and constitute the last potentially radical therapies for small HCC. In contrast, for large multinodular tumours, the available treatment options have not been shown to improve survival. Arterial embolization with or without associated chemotherapy has been widely used. However, randomized controlled trials have failed to show a survival benefit, emphasizing the need to develop new treatment strategies.
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