Linking circular economy practices to circular economy outcomes: empirical evidence from the manufacturing sector

Currently, the concept of the ‘circular economy’ (CE) is widely regarded as a key enabler for reducing environmental pollution while enhancing competitiveness in manufacturing companies. However, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of specific CE practices remains limited. This study examines the relationship between common CE practices and environmental impact using data from 447 global manufacturing companies. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV) and the natural-resource-based view (NRBV), multiple linear regression analysis is applied. The results show that recycling measures are associated with higher recycling ratios and lower energy consumption, while redesign measures significantly reduce waste generation and CO₂ emissions and improve recycling ratios. No significant effects are found for water usage practices. Overall, prevention-oriented strategies such as redesign yield broader sustainability benefits, whereas recycling remains crucial for resource and energy efficiency. The study provides robust, theory-based empirical evidence to support managerial and policy decisions promoting sustainable production and consumption.