Kβ Mainline X-ray Emission Spectroscopy as an Experimental Probe of Metal–Ligand Covalency

The mainline feature in metal Kβ X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) has long been recognized as an experimental marker for the spin state of the metal center. However, even within a series of metal compounds with the same nominal oxidation and spin state, significant changes are observed that cannot be explained on the basis of overall spin. In this work, the origin of these effects is explored, both experimentally and theoretically, in order to develop the chemical information content of Kβ mainline XES. Ligand field expressions are derived that describe the behavior of Kβ mainlines for first row transition metals with any d(n) count, allowing for a detailed analysis of the factors governing mainline shape. Further, due to limitations associated with existing computational approaches, we have developed a new methodology for calculating Kβ mainlines using restricted active space configuration interaction (RAS-CI) calculations. This approach eliminates the need for empirical parameters and provides a powerful tool for investigating the effects that chemical environment exerts on the mainline spectra. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the intermediate and final states involved in these transitions, we confirm the known sensitivity of Kβ mainlines to metal spin state via the 3p-3d exchange coupling. Further, a quantitative relationship between the splitting of the Kβ mainline features and the metal-ligand covalency is established. Thus, this study furthers the quantitative electronic structural information that can be extracted from Kβ mainline spectroscopy.