Most cathode materials for Li-ion batteries are layered oxides which are isostructural to LiCoO 2 . Other structures, such as spinels, olivines, and disordered rocksalts, can also be used as high-capacity cathodes. The latter three structures types create less resource issues as they can function with Fe or Mn as active transition metals, but still may suffer from resource issues related to Li-ion availability. With Na, almost all transition metals form layered structures, providing less expensive and more resource abundant options for Na-ion cathodes, but typical layered cathodes have a large voltage slope which limits the usable energy density. The voltage slope is even larger when K is used as an intercalant in layered materials. I will discuss the origin of the voltage slope in these materials and evaluate whether better cathode options are available for Na and K-ion batteries.
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